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Literature references pertinent to project sanguine

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Beischer DE · 1970

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Military researchers in 1970 recognized the need for comprehensive biological assessment of ELF radiation below 100 Hz.

Plain English Summary

Summary written for general audiences

This 1970 literature survey compiled existing research on extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic radiation below 100 Hz for the Navy's Project Sanguine submarine communication system. The review identified that studies from various scientific fields could help assess biological effects of ELF radiation, though specific findings weren't detailed in this preliminary survey.

Why This Matters

This document represents a pivotal moment in EMF research history. In 1970, the U.S. Navy recognized they needed to understand the biological effects of ELF radiation before deploying Project Sanguine, a massive submarine communication system that would blanket large areas with electromagnetic fields below 100 Hz. What's striking is that even 50 years ago, military researchers understood the importance of cross-disciplinary scientific assessment before widespread EMF deployment. The reality is that ELF frequencies are everywhere in our modern environment - from power lines (60 Hz in North America) to household wiring and appliances. This early recognition that 'seemingly unrelated' studies from various fields could contribute to understanding EMF biology remains relevant today, as we continue to piece together how low-frequency electromagnetic fields interact with living systems.

Exposure Information

Specific exposure levels were not quantified in this study.

Cite This Study
Beischer DE (1970). Literature references pertinent to project sanguine.
Show BibTeX
@article{literature_references_pertinent_to_project_sanguine_g6690,
  author = {Beischer DE},
  title = {Literature references pertinent to project sanguine},
  year = {1970},
  
  
}

Quick Questions About This Study

Project Sanguine was a U.S. Navy submarine communication system using extremely low frequency radiation below 100 Hz. The military needed to understand potential biological effects before deploying this technology across large geographic areas.
The 1970 survey found that studies from various scientific disciplines could contribute valuable insights about how biological systems interact with electromagnetic environments below 100 Hz, even if not originally designed for EMF research.
The 100 Hz threshold studied encompasses common household EMF sources like power lines (50-60 Hz), electrical wiring, and many appliances, making this early military research relevant to everyday electromagnetic exposures we experience.
This was assembled on very short notice as a preliminary survey. The authors acknowledged gaps existed and suggested an automated literature search could provide more complete coverage of relevant biological effects research.
They emphasized gaining a broad view by examining how biological systems interact with electromagnetic environments below 100 Hz, suggesting interdisciplinary research was necessary to properly assess ELF radiation effects.