Zhu Y, Zhu L, Lan Y, Sun C, Chen G · 2026
Researchers exposed mouse embryonic fibroblasts to 1800 MHz RF-EMF alone or combined with hydrogen peroxide, 4NQO, cadmium, or hexavalent chromium. RF-EMF alone did not cause detectable DNA damage and did not significantly increase damage from hydrogen peroxide, 4NQO, or cadmium. Combined exposure to RF-EMF and hexavalent chromium produced a significant synergistic increase in DNA damage.
Kim JH et al. · 2026
Researchers exposed human keratinocytes and murine melanoma cells to UVA radiation followed by 5G RF-EMFs at 3.5 and 28 GHz. Post-UV RF-EMF exposure significantly reduced DNA damage markers such as γH2AX foci formation by approximately 30–50% and comet tail moments by 60–80%, and suppressed intracellular ROS accumulation by 56–93%. These effects were accompanied by selective attenuation of p38 MAPK phosphorylation reduced by 55–85%. The magnitude of molecular protection was comparable to that of N-acetylcysteine treatment or pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK. However, RF-EMF exposure did not reverse UV-induced reductions in cell viability or alterations in cell cycle distribution.
Unknown authors · 2025
Lai & Levitt · 2025
Numerous studies report changes in gene expression in cells exposed to radiofrequency radiation (RFR), the type of energy emitted by wireless communication devices. The major affected genes are involved in repair of damaged proteins, response to stress, oxidative changes, apoptosis, DNA damage detection and repair, and changes in neural functions. These gene expression effects are supported by other biological studies and should be considered in setting RFR-exposure guidelines.
Panagopoulos et al · 2025
Anthropogenic EMFs, especially wireless communications, are fully polarized, coherent, and highly variable, unlike natural EMFs. Wireless communication fields consist of microwave carrier waves modulated by ELF signals and on/off pulses at various ELF rates, with intense random variability in the ULF band. Epidemiological and laboratory studies link ELF or wireless EMF exposure to cancer, infertility, electro-hypersensitivity and other pathologies, and find DNA damage and oxidative stress as explanatory mechanisms.
Zywicka A, Dunisławska A, Fijalkowski K · 2025
K. xylinus cells were subjected to a rotating magnetic field at frequencies of 5 and 50 Hz for durations ranging from 12 to 72 h. Gene expression was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RMF exposure significantly enhanced BC production efficiency, with average wet and dry BC yields increasing by 28% and 18% and upregulated bcs gene expression showing statistically significant changes at both frequencies and all time points, the strongest effects at 5 Hz.
Unknown authors · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed human neuroblastoma cells to 26.5 GHz 5G electromagnetic fields using a reverberation chamber system. The study evaluated cell cycle and DNA damage, with DNA damage also tested in combination with menadione. The authors state further investigations are needed varying exposure and biological parameters.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed fibroblasts and keratinocytes to electromagnetic fields up to ten times the permissible limits for 2 and 48 hours in a fully blinded experimental design. Sham-exposed cells served as negative controls and UV-exposed cells as positive controls. Differences in gene expression and methylation due to exposure were small and not higher than expected by chance.
Ilgaz NS et al. · 2025
After exposure, liver tissues were examined for DNA damage using the Comet assay and for histopathologic changes using Masson Trichrome and Hematoxylin Eosin staining. The Comet assay showed higher genetic damage index and damaged cell percentage in exposed rats, but the difference was not statistically significant. Histopathologic examination revealed more prominent portal inflammation, single cell necrosis, vascularity, and congestion in the exposed group.
Wydorski PJ, Kozlowska W, Zmijewska A, Franczak A · 2024
Researchers exposed porcine endometrial slices to a 50 Hz ELF-EMF for 2 hours in vitro. They measured mRNA and protein levels of genes involved in DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA biogenesis. They also assessed EED and SUZ12 transcripts, global DNA methylation, and HDAC activity. Exposure changed the abundance of DNMT1, DNMT3a, EZH2, EED, SUZ12, global DNA methylation, HDAC activity, and microRNA biogenesis proteins.
Unknown authors · 2024
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed adipose-derived stem cells to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field at 1.5 mT for 24 and 48 hours. After 24 hours of exposure, N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation significantly increased. The expression of stem cell markers Nanog, Oct-4, Sox-2, CD44, and CD105 increased after 24 hours of exposure. Western blot analysis showed upregulation of p21 and DNMT2/TRDMT1 protein levels with no change in p53. Cell membrane flexibility, metabolic potential, and mitochondrial distribution, morphology, and metabolism were altered after 24 hours.
Unknown authors · 2024
The study found that ELF-EMF exposure improved differentiation of fibroblast cells into erythroid-like progenitors. Upregulation of miR-16 and miR-451 also improved this differentiation.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers created two groups of seven rats each, a sham control and an exposure group, and exposed the latter to 2100 MHz RF-EMF for five hours per day over 14 days. Histological examination of brain tissue from the exposed group revealed vascular alterations and significant edema. The comet assay showed much more cellular damage in the exposed group (18.26% tail DNA) than in controls (4.06% tail DNA). Testicular tissue showed significant deterioration of spermatogenic cells in the exposed group. Bax and bcl-2 mRNA levels differed significantly between groups, while p53 did not change.
Unknown authors · 2024
Yavas MC, Kilitci A, Çelik E, Yegin K, Sirav B, Varol S · 2024
Researchers created two groups of seven rats each, one sham control and one exposed to 2100 MHz RF-EMF for five hours per day over 14 days. Brain tissue from exposed rats showed vascular alterations and significant edema. The exposed group had 18.26% tail DNA compared to 4.06% in controls, indicating more cellular damage. Testicular tissue showed significant deterioration of spermatogenic cells. Bax and bcl-2 gene expression changed significantly, while p53 did not.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers used the dominant lethal mutation method to measure embryo death in fruit flies exposed to both ionizing γ-radiation and non-ionizing pulsed magnetic field. The combined exposure produced an antagonistic mutagenic effect overall.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed Arabidopsis thaliana plants to 30,000 pulses emitted through a Koshelev antenna. They monitored expression of genes involved in calcium metabolism, signal transduction, ROS, and energy status. The treatment did not significantly change mRNA levels of calmodulin, ZAT12, RBOH D and F, CAT2, GSH1, GSH2, SnRK1, or TOR. However, APX-1 and APX-6 were significantly induced three hours after exposure. These results suggest that this treatment, although quite strong in amplitude, is mostly ineffective in inducing biological effects at the transcriptional level when delivered by an antenna.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed human dermal fibroblasts to continuous and pulsed 1.6 GHz radiofrequency at 0.4 W/kg for 2 hours. Exposure altered heat-shock protein expression, cytoskeletal organization, and increased lysosomes, with autophagosomes only after pulsed exposure. Mitotic spindle anomalies occurred but no significant effects were seen on cell cycle, chromosome segregation, micronuclei, or DNA damage foci.
Unknown authors · 2024
The study aimed to investigate gene expression changes under exposure to millimeter waves using BRB-seq. Three exposure scenarios compared primary keratinocyte cultures and a HaCaT cell line, tested power-density dose effects, and examined exposure at the ICNIRP limit. Except for high-power heating, the scenarios showed no important gene expression changes, with very few differentially expressed genes mostly linked to heat-shock response, indicating no transcriptional effect under athermal conditions.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers evaluated effects of non-ionizing radiation from three cell phone towers on Allium cepa at five sites with different power densities and a zero-exposure control. Mean power densities at the five sites were 1.05, 1.18, 1.6, 2.73, and 12.9 μW/cm². A significant change in morphology, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight in Allium cepa was observed under the exposure at different sites. Protein content of roots showed significant difference for samples at all sites while bulbs at sites S4 and S5 when compared to control. The samples under exposure to radiation with maximum power density have shown maximum induction of oxidative stress and genotoxicity.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 cells to a 1950 MHz LTE signal at SAR values of 0.3 and 1.25 W/kg. Exposure to the LTE signal alone did not cause any measurable chromosomal damage, oxidative stress, or changes in cell cycle progression. A 20-hour pre-exposure at 1.25 W/kg before mitomycin-C treatment significantly reduced micronuclei, and ROS formation was significantly decreased at both SAR levels. Shorter pre-exposures, lower SAR, or continuous wave exposure did not alter mitomycin-C-induced micronuclei.
Gulati S et al. · 2024
Researchers identified two neighboring housing estates with relatively low or high RF-EMF from nearby mobile phone base stations and 24 healthy adults who had lived in their homes for at least five years volunteered. Homes were surveyed for EMF and blood samples were tested for oxidative status, DNA alterations, chromosomal damage, and cancer-related genetic markers such as MLL gene rearrangements. Long-term exposure had no measurable effect on MLL gene rearrangements or c-Abl-gene transcription, and lipid oxidation and oxidative DNA lesions were higher but not statistically significant. Dicentric chromosomes, chromatid gaps, chromosomal fragments, and total chromosomal aberrations were significantly higher in the exposed group. No potential confounder interfered with these findings.
Unknown authors · 2023
