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Procedures for Evaluating Nonperturbing Temperature Probes in Microwave Fields

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Christian U. Hochuli · 1981

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The RAMAL probe caused the least perturbation of temperature distributions in simulated tissue spheres but was unstable over time, while the NARDA and VITEK systems were more stable in calibration and the Cetas probe was nonoperational.

Plain English Summary

Summary written for general audiences

Researchers developed evaluation procedures for nonperturbing temperature probes in microwave fields, including a precision calibration system, a thermographic camera system to measure heating patterns in a simulated muscle sphere at 2450 MHz, and a TEM transmission cell for electromagnetic interference testing from 250 kHz to 100 MHz. The calibration accuracy was ±0.017°C at 25°C over one day and ±0.023% over six months. Testing of four probes found the RAMAL probe caused the least perturbation but was unstable over time, while NARDA and VITEK were more stable and the Cetas probe was nonoperational.

Why This Matters

Preliminary thermographic camera measurements showed that inserting the nonperturbing probes into the muscle sphere still caused some perturbation of the heating pattern. However, the new probes were about half as perturbing as a conventional thermistor thermometer with metallic leads. For probes used less than one day after calibration, the total calibration uncertainty was ±0.017°C at 25°C and ±0.020°C at 45°C. The evaluation procedures also included tests for temperature stability over time and radiofrequency interference in the instrumentation. Additional electromagnetic interference checks were performed at 915 MHz and 2450 MHz.

Exposure Information

A logarithmic frequency spectrum from 10 Hz to 100 GHz showing where this study's 250 kHz to 100 MHz exposure sits relative to common EMF sources.Where This Frequency Sits on the EMF SpectrumELFVLFLF / MFHF / VHFUHFSHFmm10 Hz100 GHzThis study: 250 kHz to 100 MHzPower lines50/60 HzCell phones~1 GHzWiFi2.4 GHz5G mm28 GHzLogarithmic scale

Specific exposure levels were not quantified in this study.

Cite This Study
Christian U. Hochuli (1981). Procedures for Evaluating Nonperturbing Temperature Probes in Microwave Fields.
Show BibTeX
@article{procedures_for_evaluating_nonperturbing_temperature_probes_in_microwave_fields_g6005,
  author = {Christian U. Hochuli},
  title = {Procedures for Evaluating Nonperturbing Temperature Probes in Microwave Fields},
  year = {1981},
  
  
}
No DOI on file for this study.

Quick Questions About This Study

The procedures included a precision temperature calibration system and a thermographic camera system to measure heating in a simulated muscle sphere at 2450 MHz. They also used a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission cell for electromagnetic interference testing from 250 kHz to 100 MHz.
The calibration accuracy at 25°C was ±0.017°C over one day and ±0.023% over six months.
The RAMAL probe showed the least perturbation of temperature distributions in simulated tissue spheres.
The RAMAL probe suffered from instability in temperature measurement over time. The NARDA and VITEK systems were more stable in temperature calibration, while the Cetas probe was nonoperational.
The new probes were about half as perturbing as a conventional thermistor thermometer with metallic leads, though some perturbation remained.