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Reproductive Health

2.45 GHz microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress affects implantation or pregnancy in mice, Mus musculus.

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Shahin S, Singh VP, Shukla RK, Dhawan A, Gangwar RK, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. · 2013

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Researchers concluded that low-level 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress suppresses implantation and may lead to embryo deformity in mice.

Plain English Summary

Summary written for general audiences

Twelve-week-old female mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 2 hours per day for 45 days to study effects on implantation and pregnancy. Implantation sites were significantly affected in the microwave-irradiated mice compared to controls. The researchers concluded that low-level microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress suppresses implantation and may also lead to deformity of the embryo if pregnancy continues.

Why This Matters

The study used continuous-wave 2.45 GHz microwave radiation with a specific absorption rate of 0.023023 W/kg. After the exposure period, mice were sacrificed and implantation sites were monitored, blood was processed to study stress parameters including hemoglobin, RBC and WBC count, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. Brain tissue was assessed for DNA damage via comet assay, and plasma was used to estimate nitric oxide, progesterone, and estradiol. Reactive oxygen species and the activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, were measured in the liver, kidney, and ovary. The researchers suggested that microwave radiation-induced oxidative stress, by increasing ROS production, may lead to DNA strand breakage in brain cells and implantation failure or abnormal pregnancy in mice.

Exposure Details

SAR
0.023023 W/kg
Power Density
0.033549 mW/cm²
Source/Device
2.45 GHz
Exposure Duration
2 h/day for 45 days

Exposure Context

This study used 0.033549 mW/cm² for radio frequency:

Building Biology guidelines are practitioner-based limits from real-world assessments. BioInitiative Report recommendations are based on peer-reviewed science. Check Your Exposure to compare your own measurements.

Where This Falls on the Concern Scale

Study Exposure Level in ContextStudy Exposure Level in ContextThis study: 0.033549 mW/cm²Extreme Concern - 1,000 µW/m²FCC Limit - 10M µW/m²Effects observed in the Extreme Concern range (Building Biology)FCC limit is 30 times higher than this level
A logarithmic frequency spectrum from 10 Hz to 100 GHz showing where this study's 2.45 GHz exposure sits relative to common EMF sources.Where This Frequency Sits on the EMF SpectrumELFVLFLF / MFHF / VHFUHFSHFmm10 Hz100 GHzThis study: 2.45 GHzPower lines50/60 Hz5G mm28 GHzLogarithmic scale

Study Details

The present experiment was designed to study the 2.45 GHz low-level microwave (MW) irradiation-induced stress response and its effect on implantation or pregnancy in female mice.

Twelve-week-old mice were exposed to MW radiation (continuous wave for 2 h/day for 45 days, frequenc...

We observed that implantation sites were affected significantly in MW-irradiated mice as compared to...

Our findings led us to conclude that a low level of MW irradiation-induced oxidative stress not only suppresses implantation, but it may also lead to deformity of the embryo in case pregnancy continues. We also suggest that MW radiation-induced oxidative stress by increasing ROS production in the body may lead to DNA strand breakage in the brain cells and implantation failure/resorption or abnormal pregnancy in mice.

Cite This Study
Shahin S, Singh VP, Shukla RK, Dhawan A, Gangwar RK, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. (2013). 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress affects implantation or pregnancy in mice, Mus musculus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 169(5):1727-1751, 2013.
Show BibTeX
@article{s_2013_245_ghz_microwave_irradiationinduced_569,
  author = {Shahin S and Singh VP and Shukla RK and Dhawan A and Gangwar RK and Singh SP and Chaturvedi CM.},
  title = {2.45 GHz microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress affects implantation or pregnancy in mice, Mus musculus.},
  year = {2013},
  
  url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23334843/},
}
PubMed: 23334843

Cited By (77 papers)

View all 77 citing papers on Semantic Scholar

Quick Questions About This Study

Mice were exposed to continuous-wave 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 2 hours per day for 45 days, at a specific absorption rate of 0.023023 W/kg.
Implantation sites were significantly affected in the microwave-irradiated mice compared to controls.
A significant decrease was observed in antioxidant enzyme activities in the microwave-exposed mice.
A significant increase in DNA damage in brain cells was observed in the exposed mice (p<0.001).
The researchers concluded that low-level microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress suppresses implantation and may also lead to deformity of the embryo if pregnancy continues.