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Radio Frequency

Outdoor radiofrequency radiation levels in the West Bank-Palestine.

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Lahham A, Hammash A. · 2012

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The average total RF exposure was 0.37 μW cm(-2), and the maximum exposure quotient was 0.02, well below unity indicating compliance with international guidelines.

Plain English Summary

Summary written for general audiences

Researchers measured radiofrequency power density at 65 locations across the West Bank. The average power density from FM radio was 0.148 μW cm(-2), from TV broadcasting 0.007 μW cm(-2), and from mobile phone base stations 0.089 μW cm(-2). The average total exposure from all sources was 0.37 μW cm(-2). The maximum total exposure at any location was 3.86 μW cm(-2), with an exposure quotient of 0.02, indicating compliance with international guidelines. FM radio contributed about 62% of total exposure, mobile phone base stations 35%, and TV broadcasting 3%.

Why This Matters

Measurements were taken at a height of 1.7 m above ground using a Narda SRM 3000 spectrum analyzer with an isotropic antenna covering 75 MHz to 3 GHz. A 24-hour activity level was also investigated for a mobile phone base station to determine its maximum activity. The measurement locations were mainly city centers across the West Bank.

Exposure Details

Power Density
0.000148,0.000089, 0.000007, 0.00386, 0.00037 mW/cm²
Source/Device
75 MHz to 3 GHz

Exposure Context

This study used 0.000148,0.000089, 0.000007, 0.00386, 0.00037 mW/cm² for radio frequency:

Building Biology guidelines are practitioner-based limits from real-world assessments. BioInitiative Report recommendations are based on peer-reviewed science. Check Your Exposure to compare your own measurements.

Where This Falls on the Concern Scale

Study Exposure Level in ContextStudy Exposure Level in ContextThis study: 0.000148,0.000089, 0.000007, 0.00386, 0.00037 mW/cm²Extreme Concern - 1,000 µW/m²FCC Limit - 10M µW/m²Effects observed in the Severe Concern range (Building Biology)FCC limit is 142,857 times higher than this level
A logarithmic frequency spectrum from 10 Hz to 100 GHz showing where this study's 75 MHz - 3 GHz exposure sits relative to common EMF sources.Where This Frequency Sits on the EMF SpectrumELFVLFLF / MFHF / VHFUHFSHFmm10 Hz100 GHzThis study: 75 MHz - 3 GHzPower lines50/60 HzCell phones~1 GHzWiFi2.4 GHz5G mm28 GHzLogarithmic scale

Study Details

This work presents the results of exposure levels to radio frequency (RF) emission from different sources in the environment of the West Bank-Palestine.

These RF emitters include FM and TV broadcasting stations and mobile phone base stations. Power dens...

The average value of power density resulted from FM radio broadcasting in all investigated locations...

Cite This Study
Lahham A, Hammash A. (2012). Outdoor radiofrequency radiation levels in the West Bank-Palestine. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 149(4):399-402, 2012.
Show BibTeX
@article{a_2012_outdoor_radiofrequency_radiation_levels_1127,
  author = {Lahham A and Hammash A.},
  title = {Outdoor radiofrequency radiation levels in the West Bank-Palestine.},
  year = {2012},
  
  url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21835841/},
}
PubMed: 21835841

Cited By (10 papers)

Quick Questions About This Study

The average total exposure from all investigated RF sources was 0.37 μW cm(-2).
FM radio contributed about 62% of the total exposure, while mobile phone base stations contributed 35% and TV broadcasting 3%.
The maximum exposure quotient was 0.02, well below unity, indicating compliance with international guidelines.
Power densities were measured at 65 locations distributed over the West Bank, mainly in major city centers.
Measurements were conducted at 1.7 m height using a handheld Narda SRM 3000 spectrum analyzer with an isotropic antenna covering 75 MHz to 3 GHz.