Cellular Effects

Exposure to 5G-NR electromagnetic fields affects larval development of Aedes aegypti mosquito

De Borre E, De Massia C, Boone MN, Müller P, Thielens A · 2025

Human cells response to electromagnetic waves of radio and microwave frequencies

Human cells response to electromagnetic waves of radio and microwave frequenciesSouchelnytskyi S et al. · 2025

The review highlights recent achievements in elucidating molecular mechanisms of RF and MW effects. It also highlights a direction for successful practical application in humans. Human cells both generate and absorb electromagnetic waves. Information about sensing and responding to EMW at different Hz frequencies is still fragmentary. The reported impact of RF and MW frequencies is variable, from harmful to human health to promising applications for diagnostics and treatment of diseases such as cancer.

Magnetic Field-Driven Electrogenic Scaffold Enhances the Nerve Regeneration

Hui Y, Sun C, Yang Q, Liu G, Yuan T, He P, Qin X · 2025

Researchers developed a non-contact electrical stimulation platform using a magnetic field-coupled nerve conduit made of polycaprolactone, conductive polymer, and black phosphorus. The conduit exhibited excellent electrical properties and biocompatibility, and when placed in an external rotating magnetic field it transmitted pulsed currents to targeted sites via electromagnetic induction. Regeneration levels with the magnetic field-driven conduit were comparable to autologous transplantation, and it enhanced axonal regeneration, neovascularization, and inflammation regulation.

Decreasing Bone Resorption by Inducing Anti-Osteoclastogenic IFN-γ and IL-10 Expression in the Spleen Through an Electromagnetic Field on LPS-Induced Osteoporosis Mice

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers divided 40 mice into four groups to evaluate whether pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy could inhibit bone resorption in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoporosis. Spleen tissue analysis demonstrated significant upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-10 expression in the PEMF group. Micro-CT and histological analysis confirmed that PEMF inhibited femoral bone loss and promoted bone regeneration in calvarial defects.

Continuous exposure to 60 Hz extremely low frequency magnetic field at 10-14 mT promotes various human cell proliferation by activating extracellular-signal- regulated kinase

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers exposed several human and rodent cell types to 60 Hz ELF-MF at 10 and 16 mT for 72 hours. All cell types showed an approximately 20% or greater increase in proliferation at 14 mT compared with sham exposure, with no further increase at 16 mT. The proliferation increase was accompanied by activation of the MEK-ERK pathway and NF-κB, but not Akt, and a slight increase in S phase population, while ROS and calcium levels remained unchanged.

Combined effects of constant temperature and radio frequency exposure on Aedes mosquito development

Unknown authors · 2025

Temperature was the dominant factor, with optimal development at 30–32 °C. RF exposure at 18 GHz accelerated development at intermediate temperatures, but extreme RF and suboptimal temperatures prolonged development. Aedes aegypti was more sensitive to temperature changes than Aedes albopictus.

Terahertz wave induces the structural and functional changes in voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.1: A molecular dynamics study

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers constructed a cell membrane model with the voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.1 embedded. They calculated vibrational spectra of TIP3P molecules and carboxyl and carbonyl groups in the selectivity filter region at 13.4, 48.7, and 53.2 THz. They measured changes in ion channel pore radius distribution and secondary structures of Cav1.1 triggered by external terahertz electromagnetic fields. They used umbrella sampling to assess functional changes via potential of mean force profiles of Ca2+ permeation. The results showed Cav1.1 has highly frequency specificity, emphasizing the importance of terahertz resonance with biomolecules.

The influence of Wi-Fi on the mesonephros in the 9-day-old chicken embryo

Unknown authors · 2025

The study applied continuous Wi-Fi radiation at 2.4 GHz and 200–500 µW/m² for nine days to chicken embryos. Overall mesonephros development was not adversely affected, but moderate diffuse degenerative changes appeared in mesonephric corpuscles and tubules. Congested blood vessels were observed in the interstitium without inflammatory infiltrate. The exposed group showed significantly more apoptotic and proliferating cells and up-regulated caspase-1 gene expression.

3.5GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on metabolic disorders in Drosophila melanogaster

Unknown authors · 2025

Researchers exposed newborn male Drosophila melanogaster to 3.5 GHz RF-EMF at 0.1, 1, and 10 W/m2 continuously throughout their life cycle in constant darkness. Metabolomic analysis after long-term exposure revealed disruptions in four metabolic pathways and 34 differential metabolites. Key metabolites including GABA, glucose-6-phosphate, AMP, N-formylglycinamide nucleotide, LPC, and MG showed significant decreases. The authors suggest that long-term electromagnetic wave treatment may reduce overall metabolic levels in fruit flies.

Activating Transcription Factor 4 regulation of radiofrequency radiation-induced ferroptosis in osteoblasts

Wang H, Zou W, Ding C, Cao Y · 2025

Researchers exposed MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts to radiofrequency radiation at intensities of 50, 150, and 450 μW/cm². The 150 μW/cm² exposure caused the greatest reduction in cell viability, increased lipid peroxidation, and disturbed iron homeostasis. ATF4 knockdown worsened these effects, while ATF4 overexpression protected the cells from radiation-induced damage.

The impact of radiofrequency exposure on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) development

Unknown authors · 2024

Researchers exposed 30 Aedes aegypti eggs to radiofrequency radiation at baseline, 900 MHz, and 18 GHz, with each frequency tested in triplicate. They assessed hatching responses, development times, larval numbers, and pupation periods until adult emergence. The 900 MHz group showed the highest hatching rate at 79 ± 10.54% and the lowest adult emergence rate at 33 ± 2.77%, with a significant difference between groups (p = 0.03).

Effect of 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation on the Inner Ear: A Histopathological Study on 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation and Cochlea

Unknown authors · 2024

Researchers exposed twelve pregnant rats and their male newborns to Wi-Fi frequencies at electric field values of 0.6, 1.9, 5, 10, and 15 V/m during gestation and 45 days after birth. Auditory brainstem response testing was performed before exposure and sacrification. Cochlear histopathological examination used immunohistochemistry for caspase-3, caspase-9, and TUNEL staining. Auditory thresholds increased significantly at 5 V/m and above, while apoptotic cell markers showed significant differences at 10 V/m and 15 V/m. All apoptotic indicators increased with electric field magnitude, with caspase-9 showing the strongest effect.

Changes in honey bee nutrition after exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field

Unknown authors · 2024

Researchers exposed 2-day-old Carniolan worker honey bees to radiofrequency fields of 12 V/m, 28 V/m, and 61 V/m for 0.25, 1, and 3 hours. Hemolymph was collected from 40 bees per group immediately after exposure to measure total proteins, glucose, triglycerides, and TAS activity. The 12 V/m and 28 V/m exposure groups showed statistically significant differences in total proteins, TAS, and triglycerides compared to controls in most cases. The researchers concluded that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields disturb honey bee nutrition and the changes may have long-term effects.

Lai H, Levitt B. (2023) Cellular and molecular effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields

Unknown authors · 2023

The cellular stress response is a set pattern of cellular and molecular responses to environmental stressors such as heat, ionizing radiation, and oxidation. This response is triggered by cellular macromolecular damage in proteins, lipids, and DNA with the goal of repairing and returning cell functions to homeostasis. The concept that biological response to EMF is a cellular stress response explains many observed effects of EMF, such as nonlinear dose- and time-dependency, increased and decreased risks of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, enhanced nerve regeneration, and bone healing.

Adverse effects of 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phones on bone and skeletal muscle

Unknown authors · 2023

Fifty-six rats weighing 200–250 g were divided into healthy and diabetic groups, each with sham and radiofrequency radiation exposure at 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz. Over a month, each group spent two hours per day in a Plexiglas carousel, with experimental groups exposed to radiofrequency radiation and sham groups not exposed. Researchers performed three-point bending tests and radiological evaluations on the right tibia bones and measured CAT, GSH, MDA, and IMA in skeletal muscle tissue. Significant differences were found in biomechanical properties, radiological evaluations, and muscle tissue measurements between groups (p < .05). Average whole-body SAR values were 0.026 W/kg for GSM 900 MHz, 0.164 W/kg for 1800 MHz, and 0.173 W/kg for 2100 MHz.

Distinct fatty acid redistribution and textural changes in the brain tissue upon the static magnetic field exposure

Unknown authors · 2022

Quantum Medicine: A Role of Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields in the Management of Chronic Pain

Unknown authors · 2022

Researchers assessed the effects of ELF-MF therapy on chronic pain in 49 patients with musculoskeletal disorders. Patients received eight 45-minute sessions every other day using a Quec Phisis setup generating ion cyclotronic resonance. Bioimpedance (R/h and Xc/h) was measured during the first and last sessions, and pain perception was quantified using the standard visual-analog scale. Both bioimpedance parameters increased significantly and pain perception decreased. The authors concluded that ELF-MF therapy appears a valid therapeutic approach for musculoskeletal pain.

3.5-GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation promotes the development of Drosophila melanogaster

Unknown authors · 2022

Researchers exposed fruit flies to simulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation at intensities of 0.1, 1, and 10 W/m². Exposure increased early pupation and eclosion rates and shortened the mean development time. In larvae, heat shock protein and immune gene expression rose, oxidative stress enzymes increased, and microbial diversity fell while Acetobacter and Lactobacillus genera increased.

Microwave radiation induces neuronal autophagy through miR-30a-5p/AMPKα2 signal pathway

Unknown authors · 2022

Researchers exposed rat hippocampal neurons and PC12-derived neuron-like cells to 30 mW/cm2 microwaves, which down-regulated miR-30a and activated autophagy in vivo and in vitro. Bioinformatics analysis identified several potential miR-30a targets, and the team selected Prkaa2 for further study because prior work linked microwave radiation to abnormal energy metabolism in neurons. Dual-luciferase assays confirmed Prkaa2 as a downstream gene of miR-30a, and microwave exposure increased AMPKα2 expression and AMPKα Thr172 phosphorylation, while miR-30a mimics reversed these changes and blocked autophagy.

3.5-GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation promotes the development of Drosophila melanogaster

Unknown authors · 2022

Anterior cingulate gyrus acts as a moderator of the relationship between problematic mobile phone use and depressive symptoms in college students

Zou L et al. · 2021

The study recruited 266 students who underwent MRI scanning. VBM analysis showed that grey matter volume in the anterior cingulate gyrus and right fusiform gyrus was inversely correlated with problematic mobile phone use. TBSS analysis found that fractional anisotropy in the body of the corpus callosum was negatively correlated with problematic mobile phone use. The grey matter volume of the anterior cingulate gyrus moderated the relationship between problematic mobile phone use and depressive symptoms, and increased volume could reduce that relationship.

One-time Electromagnetic Irradiation Modifies Stress-sensitive Gene Expressions in Rice Plant

Kundu A et al. · 2021

Researchers exposed 40-day-old Swarnaprabha rice plants to a one-time electromagnetic irradiation at 1837.50 MHz and 2.75 mW/m2 for 2 h 30 min inside a reverberation chamber. The exposure was conducted in a controlled reverberation chamber to ensure a pure electromagnetic environment with deterministic power density.

Electromagnetic radiation as an emerging driver factor for the decline of insects

Unknown authors · 2020

The review carried out in this study shows that electromagnetic radiation should be considered seriously as a complementary driver for the dramatic decline in insects, acting in synergy with agricultural intensification, pesticides, invasive species and climate change. Evidence for the effects of non-thermal microwave radiation on insects has been known for at least 50 years. The extent that anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation represents a significant threat to insect pollinators is unresolved and plausible. For these reasons, and taking into account the benefits they provide to nature and humankind, the precautionary principle should be applied before any new deployment (such 5G) is considered.

Electromagnetic radiation as an emerging driver factor for the decline of insects

Unknown authors · 2020

In vitro chondrogenic differentiation of human articular cartilage derived chondroprogenitors using pulsed electromagnetic field

Vinod E, Kachroo U, Rebekah G, Thomas S, Ramasamy B · 2020