6,486 Studies Reviewed. 85.2% of Original Studies Found Biological Effects. The Evidence is Clear.
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All Exposure Types

Radio Frequency (RF)

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Radio frequency electromagnetic fields are produced by wireless communication devices and broadcast signals. They range from about 3 kHz to 300 GHz and include frequencies used by cell phones, WiFi, Bluetooth, and 5G. RF is typically measured in microwatts per square meter (µW/m²) or milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm²).

Concern Level Thresholds

Based on Building Biology Institute guidelines (µW/m² (microwatts per square meter)):

No Concern
< 0.1 µW/m²
Slight Concern
0.1 – 10 µW/m²
Severe Concern
10 – 1,000 µW/m²
Extreme Concern
> 1,000 µW/m²

See where common exposures fall on the scale:

A logarithmic scale showing your reading relative to Building Biology concern thresholds and FCC regulatory limits.Your RF Exposure in ContextNo ConcernSlightSevereExtreme0.1101,000FCC Limit →0.01100,000 µW/m²

Showing 736 studies with measured radio frequency (rf) exposure

Cellular Effects

Effect of microwaves at X-band on guinea-pig skin in tissue culture

S. A. CARNEY, J. C. LAWRENCE, C. R. RICKETTS · 1970

This 1970 study investigated how X-band microwaves affected guinea pig skin cells grown in laboratory tissue cultures, specifically examining changes in cellular respiration and biochemical processes. The research focused on pulsed microwave exposure rather than continuous radiation. This early work helped establish laboratory methods for studying how microwave radiation affects living tissue at the cellular level.

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Brain & Nervous System

Rhesus monkey behavior during exposure to high-peak-power 5.62-GHz microwave pulses.

D'Andrea JA, Thomas A, Hatcher DJ · 1994

Researchers exposed four male rhesus monkeys to high-peak-power 5.62-GHz microwave pulses while the monkeys performed an operant task for food pellet rewards. Compared to sham exposures, significant alterations of lever responding, reaction time, and earned food pellets occurred at 4 and 6 W/kg but not at 2 W/kg. There were no differences between radar pulses and SLED pulses in producing behavioral effects.

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Cancer & Tumors

Radiofrequency radiation from nearby base stations gives high levels in an apartment in Stockholm, Sweden: A case report

Hardell L et al · 2018

Researchers measured RF radiation levels in an apartment close to two groups of mobile phone base stations on the roof. A total of 74,531 measurements were made corresponding to ~83 h of recording. The total mean RF radiation level was 3,811 µW/m2 with a range of 15.2 to 112,318 µW/m2 for the whole apartment including balconies. Particularly high levels were measured on three balconies and three of the four bedrooms. The mean RF radiation level decreased by 98% when down-links from the base stations for 2, 3 and 4 G were disregarded.

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