Brown DO, Lu ST, Elson EC · 1994
Researchers studied microwave evoked body movements in mice using head and neck exposure to pulsed and gated continuous wave 1.25 GHz microwaves delivered via a resonant cavity. The incidence of body movements increased proportionally with specific absorption dose when the whole-body average specific absorption rate was held constant at 7300 W/kg, reaching a plateau at 0.9 kJ/kg. For doses higher than 0.9 kJ/kg, response incidence was proportional to the specific absorption rate and reached a plateau at 900 W/kg.
Ulashchik VS · 1993
The study aimed to investigate changes in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics under the influence of microwaves of different ranges. Human and animal experiments were conducted to compare the effect of microwaves of different ranges on drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The results suggested that microwaves could potentiate and prolong the action of some drugs.
Goldoni J, Durek M, Koren Z · 1993
Researchers examined two groups of workers occupationally exposed to microwaves and radiofrequency radiation and compared them with a control group. One group consisted of 49 radar operators from Zagreb Air Traffic Control who were examined twice over 18 months, and the other group comprised 46 workers at radio relay stations. A follow-up study found significant changes in haematological and biochemical parameters, electrical brain activity, and capillaroscopic and ophthalmological findings in the radar operators, and a cross-sectional analysis showed the highest rate of changes in general health status for that group.
Verma M, Dutta SK. · 1993
The study aimed to investigate microwave induced alteration in neuron specific enolase gene expression. Researchers exposed pNGE7 cells containing the neuron specific enolase gene to 915 MHz, 16 Hz AM radiation at SAR 0.05 mW/kg. Exposure resulted in elevation of neuron specific enolase, a diagnostic marker for neuron and lung cancer. Ion-exchange chromatography separated neuron specific enolase activity from non-neuronal enolase activity and showed altered expression of both.
Raslear TG, Akyel Y, Bates F, Belt M, Lu ST · 1993
Researchers studied the effects of high-peak-power pulsed microwaves on a time perception and discrimination task in rats. Time perception, response bias, and total trials did not change with power level. Dose-response effects were observed for discriminability, session time, and trial completions (null responses). Exposures used the TEMPO system with 80 nanosecond pulses exceeding 700 megawatts peak power, whole-body SAR of 0.072 W/kg, well below the 0.4 W/kg limit.
Pakhomov AG · 1993
Researchers investigated effects of 915 MHz pulsed microwave radiation with peak SAR 20-30 W/g on isolated frog nerve cords. Nerve heating did not exceed 2.2°C due to intense Ringer's solution perfusion. Irradiation during stimulation significantly decreased action potential amplitude and peak latency, while conventional heating increased amplitude, supporting a non-thermal mechanism.
Krylov IN, Iasnetsov VV, Dukhanin AS, Pal'tsev IuP · 1993
Researchers exposed rats to microwaves at 2375 MHz with a power density of 1 mW/cm2 and found that this induced retrograde amnesia. The study found roles for opioidergic, benzodiazepine, GABAergic, and cholinergic components in the memory-impairing effects of microwaves. Piracetam and oxiracetam each prevented the negative effects of microwaves on memory processes in the rats.
Bolshakov MA, Alekseev SI · 1992
Researchers recorded spontaneous electrical activity and ionic currents of Lymnea stagnalis neurons during exposure to a 900-MHz field using modified microelectrode and voltage-clamp techniques. When subjected to pulsed waves, rapid burst-like changes in the firing rate of neurons occurred at SARs of a few W/kg. The effect was dependent on modulation but not on modulation frequency, with a threshold SAR near 0.5 W/kg. Continuous-wave radiation had no effect on the firing rate pattern at the same SAR. Mediator-induced activation of acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, or GABA receptors was not altered during either exposure, indicating these receptors were not responsible for the bursting effect.
Fukui Y, Hoshino K, Inouye M, Kameyama Y · 1992
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 15 or 20 minutes on day 13 of gestation. Pyknotic cell incidence in the ventricular zone was 1.83% after 15 minutes and 3.06% after 20 minutes of microwave exposure. Microwave radiation for 20 minutes produced effects comparable to immersion in 42°C hot water for 15 minutes. Brain weight was significantly lower and neuron density higher in the 20-minute exposure group compared to controls. The researchers concluded that microwave radiation at the tested dose mainly has a thermal effect.
Maillefer RH, Quock RM · 1992
Male Swiss Webster mice were exposed to 10, 15, and 20 mW/cm2 RFR at 2450 MHz for 10 minutes at SARs of 23.7, 34.6, and 45.5 W/kg, then tested in the abdominal constriction paradigm. Confinement alone did not appreciably alter body temperature but appeared to induce stress-associated analgesia that was not blocked by naltrexone. RFR exposure raised body temperature and further increased analgesia in an SAR-dependent manner. The high SAR-induced analgesia was blocked by naltrexone, but the hyperthermia was not.
Lai H, Carino MA, Horita A, Guy AW · 1992
Researchers exposed rats to single 45-minute and repeated daily 45-minute microwave sessions at 2450 MHz, 1 mW/cm², with a whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg. After a single exposure, receptor concentration increased in the cerebral cortex but not in the hippocampus or cerebellum. No significant change in binding affinity of the receptors was observed in any of the brain regions studied. After repeated exposures, no significant change in receptor concentration was found in the cerebral cortex. Handling and exposure procedures did not significantly affect benzodiazepine receptors.
Inaba R, Shishido K, Okada A, Moroji T. · 1992
Lai H, Carino MA, Wen YF, Horita A, Guy AW · 1991
Rats were repeatedly exposed to pulsed, circularly polarized microwaves at 2,450 MHz with 2-microsecond pulses at 500 pps, a power density of 1 mW/cm², and a whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg. Ten 45-minute sessions increased muscarinic cholinergic receptor concentration in the hippocampus, while ten 20-minute sessions decreased concentration in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Pretreatment with naltrexone at 1 mg/kg IP before each exposure session blocked these microwave-induced changes in cholinergic receptors.
Neubauer C, Phelan AM, Kues H, Lange DG · 1990
Researchers exposed male albino rats to 2.45-GHz microwaves with 10-microseconds pulses at 100 pps. Exposure at 10 mW/cm2 for 30 to 120 minutes increased tracer uptake through the blood-brain barrier. The uptake depended on both power density and exposure duration. At 5 mW/cm2, a 15-minute exposure had no effect. Pretreating rats with colchicine nearly completely blocked the microwave-induced uptake.
D'Andrea JA, DeWitt JR, Portuguez LM, Gandhi OP. · 1988
Two experiments tested whether frequency-specific hotspot formation in the body and tail of rats would have behavioral consequences. Rats were placed in a cage where occupying one side triggered microwave exposure and occupying the other side ended it. Reduced exposure to 360-MHz and 2450-MHz microwaves at 1, 2, 6 and 10 W/kg were significantly different from 700-MHz microwaves. A second experiment found the threshold for reduced exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves fell between whole-body SARs of 2.1 and 2.8 W/kg.
