Kumar S, Nirala JP, Behari J, Paulraj R. · 2014
Researchers aimed to observe the effect of electromagnetic irradiation from a 3G mobile phone on the male rat reproductive system in a simulated scenario. Exposure to EMF in male albino rats was associated with a significant decrease in sperm count, increased lipid peroxidation damage in sperm cells, reduced seminiferous tubules and testicular weight, and DNA damage.
Tas M et al. · 2014
The study used 14 adult Wistar Albino rats divided into sham and exposure groups of seven each. Exposed rats received 900 MHz RF radiation from a GSM signal generator for 3 hours per day, 7 days a week, for one year. No differences were found in sperm motility or concentration between groups. Exposed rats had higher rates of morphologically normal sperm but lower tunica albuginea thickness and Johnsen testicular biopsy scores.
Qin F et al. · 2014
Margaritis LH et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed newly emerged flies daily for 3-7 days to various EMF sources including mobile phone, DECT, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and others. All EMF sources produced statistically significant effects on fecundity and apoptotic cell death, even at very low intensity levels such as 0.3 V/m from Bluetooth. The study found no linear cumulative effect when increasing exposure duration or combining sources, and discussed the role of average versus peak electric field values.
Dasdag S, Taş M, Akdag MZ, Yegin K. · 2014
The study used Wistar Albino adult male rats divided into a sham group and an exposure group, with rats in the exposure group exposed to 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation for 24 hours a day during 12 months. Sperm head defects increased in the exposed group, and weight of the epididymis and seminal vesicles, seminiferous tubule diameter, and tunica albuginea thickness all decreased. Other measured parameters did not show statistically significant differences between the groups.
Chen L, Qin F, Chen Y, Sun J, Tong J. · 2014
Shahin S, Mishra V, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. · 2014
Researchers exposed twelve-week-old male Swiss strain mice to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation for 2 hours per day for 30 days at a power density of 0.029812 mW/cm2 and SAR of 0.018 W/Kg. Microwave irradiation induced a significant decrease in sperm count and sperm viability, along with a decrease in seminiferous tubule diameter and degeneration of seminiferous tubules. Reduced testicular 3β HSD activity and plasma testosterone levels were also observed in the exposed mice. The researchers suggested that chronic exposure to nonionizing microwave radiation may lead to infertility via a free radical species-mediated pathway.
Meena R, Kumari K, Kumar J, Rajamani P, Verma HN, Kesari KK. · 2014
Researchers divided 70-day-old male Wistar rats into four groups: sham exposed, melatonin treated, microwave exposed, and microwave plus melatonin treated. Exposure took place in Plexiglas cages for 2 hours a day for 45 days at a power density of 0.21 mW/cm2 and a SAR of 0.14 W/Kg. Melatonin was associated with a significant increase in testicular LDH-X and decreased levels of MDA and ROS in the testes. The researchers concluded that melatonin has strong antioxidative potential against microwave-induced oxidative stress mediated DNA damage in testicular cells.
Razavinasab M, Moazzami K, Shabani M · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900 MHz pulsed-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day during gestation, then tested the offspring using behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological methods. Mobile phone exposure was associated with a decrease in the number of action potentials fired and an increase in the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization in exposed offspring compared with controls. Phone exposure significantly altered learning acquisition and memory retention in both male and female offspring rats compared with control rats. Light microscopy of brain sections showed normal morphology in both control and mobile phone-exposed rats.
Cetin H et al. · 2014
Researchers divided thirty-two rats and their offspring into three groups: a control group, a 900 MHz group, and an 1800 MHz group, with the two exposed groups receiving electromagnetic radiation for 60 minutes per day during pregnancy and neonatal development. Brain and liver glutathione peroxidase activities, as well as liver vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations, decreased in the exposed groups. Brain iron, vitamin A, and beta-carotene concentrations increased in the exposed groups, and by the sixth week, selenium concentrations in the brain decreased in the exposed groups. There were no statistically significant differences in glutathione, vitamin E, chromium, copper, magnesium, manganese, and zinc concentrations between the three groups.
Vijver MG et al. · 2013
A field experiment exposed four invertebrate species at different distances from a GSM 900 MHz transmitter for 48 hours, with controls shielded by Faraday cages. The response variables measured were fecundity and number of offspring. Results showed no significant impact of EMF exposure on reproductive endpoints, and distance was not an adequate proxy for dose-response.
Tumkaya L, Kalkan Y, Bas O, Yilmaz A. · 2013
Researchers exposed 6 male Sprague Dawley rats to a mobile phone for 1 hour per day for 45 days while 6 control rats remained unexposed. Testes were examined with hematoxylin-eosin, caspase 3, and Ki-67 staining. No differences were found between exposed and control groups in testicular histology (p > 0.05). Interstitial connective tissue and seminiferous tubules appeared normal in exposed rats. The authors concluded that low specific absorption rate mobile phones have no harmful effects on pubertal rat testicles.
Trošić I, Mataušić-Pišl M, Pavičić I, Marjanović AM. · 2013
Researchers divided 18 adult male rats into two groups of nine and exposed one group to a 915 MHz RF field with a power density of 2.4 W m(-2) and a field strength of 30 V m(-1) for one hour daily over two weeks. Body mass and temperature were measured before and after each exposure, after which testes were prepared for histology and epididymal sperm were assessed for quantity, quality, and morphology. No statistically significant alterations were found in any endpoint, and the authors concluded that short-time intermittent RF exposure does not represent a significant risk factor for rat reproductive functions.
Rago R et al. · 2013
The study enrolled healthy men and divided them into four groups based on daily mobile phone use: no use (10 men), less than two hours (16 men), two to four hours (17 men), and more than four hours (20 men). Among the men using phones more than four hours daily, researchers compared 12 who carried the phone in a trousers pocket with 8 who carried it in a shirt pocket. Conventional sperm parameters such as density, total count, morphology, and progressive motility did not differ significantly between groups. However, sperm DNA fragmentation was higher in the group using phones more than four hours per day and in those who carried the phone in a trousers pocket.
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed male and female Wistar rats to a 2450 MHz Wi-Fi signal for 1 hour per day, 6 days per week. Exposure lasted 3 weeks for males and 2 weeks for females before mating, then continued for 3 more weeks during gestation. No deleterious effects on reproductive organs or fertility were observed, and no macroscopic abnormalities were found in fetuses even at 4 W/kg.
Mortazavi SM, Shirazi KR, Mortazavi G · 2013
Researchers interviewed and surveyed one thousand two hundred mothers in Shiraz who were at first-term labor. Data collection included assessment of the mother's history of radiography before and during pregnancy, physical examination of the mother for height and weight, and weighing and examining the newborn for any diagnosis of disease and anomalies. The study found no statistically significant difference in mean birth weight between newborns of mothers exposed to sources such as dental radiography, mobile phones, cordless phones, and cathode ray tube (CRT) and those of non-exposed mothers. The authors state that these findings cast doubt on previous reports linking ionizing radiation exposure during pregnancy to increased risk of low birth weight.
Guxens M et al. · 2013
Researchers assessed the association between maternal cell phone and cordless phone use during pregnancy and teacher-reported and maternal-reported child behaviour problems at age 5. A total of 2618 children were included in the study. Prenatal cell phone use showed an increased but non-significant association with teacher-reported overall behaviour problems, without a dose-response relationship. Cordless phone use showed odds ratios below 1 or close to unity for teacher-reported overall behaviour problems. Associations with maternal-reported overall behaviour problems and specific behaviour problem subscales were non-significant.
Nazıroğlu M, Yüksel M, Köse SA, Özkaya MO · 2013
The aim of the study was to discuss the mechanisms and risk factors of EMR changes on reproductive functions and membrane oxidative biology in females and males. Some studies indicated that EMR induced endometriosis and inflammation and decreased the number of follicles in the ovary or uterus of rats. In male rats, exposure caused degeneration in seminiferous tubules, reduction in Leydig cells and testosterone production, and increases in luteinizing hormone levels and apoptotic cells. The review concluded that oxidative stress from Wi-Fi and mobile phone EMR is a significant mechanism affecting reproductive systems, but no evidence supports increased infertility risk from EMR exposure.
Mortazavi S et al. · 2013
Researchers collected fresh semen samples from 30 healthy donors and exposed them to radiofrequency radiation from a mobile jammer for 2 or 4 hours. Sperm motility was significantly lower in samples exposed to jammer RF radiation for 2 or 4 hours compared to sham-exposed samples. The authors concluded that mobile jammers may significantly decrease sperm motility and couples' chances of conception.
Kesari KK, Kumar S, Nirala J, Siddiqui MH, Behari J. · 2013
Col-Araz N. · 2013
Preterm birth occurred in 19% of participants and low birth weight in 12.9%. Birth weight correlated positively with maternal age and baseline weight. Mothers with a history of disease during pregnancy had more preterm births and lower birth weight infants. Mobile phone and computer use during pregnancy was associated with more preterm deliveries and shorter pregnancy duration, but not with birth weight.
Al-Ali BM, Patzak J, Fischereder K, Pummer K, Shamloul R. · 2013
Researchers recruited 20 men with erectile dysfunction for at least six months and 10 healthy men without erectile dysfunction. All participants completed the German version of the Sexual Health Inventory for Men and a questionnaire on cell phone usage habits. Men with erectile dysfunction had significantly lower SHIM scores than healthy men (11.2 ±5 vs 24.2 ±2.3). Total time spent talking on the cell phone per week was not significantly higher in Group A over B, 17.6 ±11.1 vs. 12.5 ±7 hours. Men with erectile dysfunction carried their switched-on cell phones for significantly longer daily durations (4.4 ±3.6 vs 1.8 ±1 hours per day).
Liu C et al. · 2013
Ozorak A et al. · 2013
Kidney and testis samples were collected from decapitated rats during the fourth, fifth, and sixth weeks. In the fourth week, lipid peroxidation in kidney and testis and copper, zinc, GSH, GSH-Px, and TAS in kidney decreased, while iron in kidney and vitamin A and vitamin E in testis increased in exposed groups. In the fifth week, iron, vitamin A, and β-carotene in kidney increased, while GSH and TAS decreased in exposed groups. In the sixth week, iron concentrations in kidney and lipid peroxidation in kidney and testis increased, while copper, TAS, and GSH concentrations decreased in exposed groups.
Ghanbari M1, Mortazavi SB1, Khavanin A1, Khazaei M2. · 2013
Sperm viability, motility, and total antioxidant capacity decreased significantly in all exposure groups compared to controls. Increasing exposure duration from two to three weeks caused a further significant decrease in sperm viability and motility.
