Akdag MZ et al. · 2016
The study used 16 adult male Wistar-Albino rats, with 8 exposed to 2.4 GHz radiation for over a year and 8 sham-exposed. DNA damage in brain, liver, kidney, skin, and testicular tissues was measured using the comet assay as percentage tail DNA. Percentage tail DNA increased in brain, kidney, liver, and skin of exposed rats but the increases were not statistically significant. In contrast, DNA damage in testicular tissue increased significantly (p < 0.01). The authors concluded that long-term 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi exposure does not cause DNA damage in the examined organs except testes, which appear more sensitive.
Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, De Iuliis GN, Aitken RJ. · 2016
The review examined 27 studies on RF-EMR effects on the male reproductive system. Eleven of 15 studies on sperm motility reported significant declines, all seven studies measuring ROS found elevated levels, and four of five studies on DNA damage reported increased damage. RF-EMR reduced antioxidant levels in all six studies that assessed them, and antioxidant supplementation ameliorated effects in all three studies that tested it.
Uskalova DV, Igolkina YV, Sarapultseva EI. · 2016
Researchers analyzed morphofunctional disorders in Spirostomum ambiguum protozoa after 30-, 60-, and 360-min exposure to a 1 GHz electromagnetic field at an energy flow density of 50 μW/cm(2) using intravital computer morphometry. Significant disorders in morphometric values correlated with low mobility of the protozoa. The results suggested using intravital computer morphometry on protozoa for early diagnosis of radiation-induced effects of mobile communication electromagnetic fields, for example low mobility of spermatozoa.
Boga A, Emre M, Sertdemir Y, Uncu İ, Binokay S, Demirhan O. · 2016
Researchers exposed adult Xenopus laevis frogs to GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation at 900 MHz for 8 hours a day over a 5-week period, then measured effects on the embryos produced from different combinations of exposed and unexposed parents. In the control group, 2.2% of embryos were abnormal and none were dead; when only males were exposed, embryo abnormality rose to 3.3% and dead embryos rose to 8.3%. When only females were exposed, abnormal and dead embryo rates each reached 11.7%; when both parents were exposed, dead embryos reached 15% and abnormal embryos reached 11.7%. Offspring of RF-exposed females also showed more aggressive behavior compared with the control group.
Zalata A et al. · 2015
In this prospective study, 124 semen samples were grouped into normozoospermia (N, n=26), asthenozoospermia (A, n=32), asthenoteratozoospermia (AT, n=31), and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT, n=35). Each sample was split into non-exposed and exposed portions, with the exposed portion receiving cell phone radiation for 1 hour. After exposure, sperm motility, acrosin activity, DNA fragmentation, and CLU gene expression were assessed. Exposure significantly decreased sperm motility, linear velocity, linearity index, and acrosin activity, and significantly increased DNA fragmentation, CLU gene expression, and CLU protein levels, with the largest changes in the OAT group.
Shokri S, Soltani A, Kazemi M, Sardari D, Mofrad FB. · 2015
Three-month-old male Wistar rats (n=27) were exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation in a chamber with two Wi-Fi antennas and divided into a control group and groups exposed for 1 hour or 7 hours per day for two months. Sperm parameters, caspase-3 concentrations, histomorphometric changes of testis, and apoptotic indexes were evaluated. Both exposure groups showed a decrease in sperm parameters in a time-dependent pattern, increased apoptosis-positive cells and caspase-3 activity in seminiferous tubules, and significantly reduced seminal vesicle weight compared to controls.
Sehitoglu I et al. · 2015
Pregnant rats were exposed to 900 MHz cell-phone radiation 24 hours a day for 20 days throughout pregnancy. Seven male offspring from each group were evaluated at 60 days, with testicular size, weight, histology, and serum testosterone measured. Exposed males had lower serum testosterone (3.51±0.21 ng/ml vs 4.04±0.47 ng/ml, p=0.018), higher caspase-3 activity (2.00±0.88 vs 1.00±0.63, p=0.026), and lower Johnsen scores (8.4±0.5 vs 9.4±0.5, p=0.010) than controls.
Mugunthan N et al. · 2015
Mice were exposed to 2G and 3G radiation for 48 minutes per day over periods of 30 to 180 days. Exposed mice showed significant reductions in body weight at the first, second, and fourth months, and in testis weight and volume during the first three months. Serum testosterone levels were significantly lower in exposed mice at the first, second, third, fourth, and sixth months, with no significant difference between the 2G and 3G groups. Histological analysis revealed lower seminiferous tubule density and diameter, fewer Sertoli and Leydig cells, and microscopic changes such as wide interstitium, cell detachment, vacuolar degeneration, reduced epithelial thickness, maturation arrest, and Johnson scores of 7 to 9.
Mahmoudabadi FS, Ziaei S, Firoozabadi M, Kazemnejad A · 2015
Researchers conducted a case–control study enrolling 292 women with unexplained spontaneous abortion before 14 weeks gestation and 308 pregnant women beyond 14 weeks gestation. They collected data using two forms covering socioeconomic and obstetric characteristics, medical and reproductive history, lifestyles, and cell phone use during pregnancy. Mobile phone exposure was assessed by average daily calling time, phone location when not in use, hands-free use, other applications, manufacturer-reported SAR, and average effective SAR. All mobile phone related data differed between the groups except hands-free device use (p < 0.001).
Bedir R et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field during the first 20 days of pregnancy. Kidney tissue from exposed fetuses showed mild congestion, tubular defects, and dilatation of Bowman's capsule. Apoptosis assessed by caspase-3 staining was stronger in exposed renal tubular cells, and serum potassium was significantly higher in the exposed group while urea, creatinine and other electrolytes did not differ.
Yüksel M, Nazıroğlu M, Özkaya MO. · 2015
Researchers exposed pregnant rats and their offspring to 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation for 60 minutes daily during pregnancy and growth. Uterine lipid peroxidation increased in exposed groups while glutathione peroxidase activity and prolactin levels decreased in developing rats. In maternal rats, plasma prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone decreased while total oxidant status and body temperature increased. No changes occurred in reduced glutathione, total antioxidants, or vitamins A, C, and E in maternal uterine and plasma samples.
Sokolovic D et al. · 2015
Researchers divided adult Wistar rats into four groups: saline control, melatonin only, microwave exposure only, and microwave exposure with melatonin treatment. Melatonin was administered daily at 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally, and rats were sacrificed after 20, 40, and 60 days. Melatonin treatment prevented increases in malondialdehyde after 20 days and reversed microwave effects on xanthine oxidase after 40 days and acid-DNase activity after 20 days. However, melatonin did not change protein carbonyl content, catalase activity, or alkaline DNase activity.
Saygin M, Asci H, Ozmen O, Cankara FN, Dincoglu D, Ilhan I. · 2015
Six-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups, including a sham group, an EMR-only group exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation for 3 hours per day for 30 days, an EMR plus gallic acid group, and a gallic acid-only group. EMR exposure increased malondialdehyde and total oxidant status levels, decreased total antioxidant status, and raised prostaglandin E2 and calcitonin gene-related peptide staining in testicular tubules. Gallic acid treatment lowered total oxidant status and oxidative stress index and raised total antioxidant status. It also reduced prostaglandin E2 and calcitonin gene-related peptide staining and increased testosterone and VEGF levels relative to the EMR-only group.
Bin-Meferij MM, El-Kott AF · 2015
Wang D et al. · 2015
Exposure significantly reduced progressive sperm motility and viability and increased sperm head defects. Early apoptosis was higher after exposure, while DNA methylation of the H19 ICR and KvDMR1 imprinting genes did not change significantly.
Liu Q, Si T, Xu X, Liang F, Wang L, Pan S. · 2015
Rats were exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation at a specific absorption rate of 0.66 ± 0.01 W/kg for 2 h/d, and sperm were examined after 50 days. The percentage of apoptotic sperm cells in the exposure group was significantly increased by 91.42% compared with the control group. Reactive oxygen species concentration in the exposure group was increased by 46.21%, while total antioxidant capacity was decreased by 28.01%. Radiation also decreased the protein and mRNA expression of bcl-2 and increased that of bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-3.
Shirai T et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals for 20 hours a day over three generations. No abnormalities were observed in mother rats or offspring across any biological parameters including neurobehavioral function. The study used three SAR levels: high (<0.24 W/kg), low (<0.08 W/kg), and sham exposure. Pregnant rats were exposed from gestational day 7 to weaning, and offspring were continuously exposed until 6 weeks of age.
Vereshchako GG, Chueshova NV, Gorokh GA, Naumov AD. · 2014
Researchers studied the effects of prolonged 897 MHz cell phone radiation exposure on male rats from irradiated parents during embryogenesis and postnatal development. Irradiation decreased the number of births and shifted the sex ratio toward more males. Radiation accelerated sexual development at two months, caused disproportions in spermatogenic cell stages, and increased mature sperm count while reducing their viability.
Sepehrimanesh M et al. · 2014
Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 900 MHz RF-EMF for 1, 2, or 4 hours per day over 30 days, with a sham-exposed control group. At the end of the experiment, the long-time exposure group showed significantly higher FSH and LH levels than the sham group. The long-time exposure group also had significantly increased activin B and prolactin, decreased inhibin B compared to sham and short-time exposure groups, and decreased testosterone compared to short- and moderate-time exposure groups.
Marzook EA, Abd El Moneim AE, Elhadary AA · 2014
Exposure raised triglycerides and testosterone significantly in all groups, with oil groups showing dose-dependent increases. Exposed rats had significantly lower SOD and CAT activities than controls, while sesame oil groups showed dose-dependent increases in these enzymes. Total cholesterol decreased significantly only in the 3 ml sesame oil group, which also showed significantly elevated GSH-Rx. HDL-c and LDL-c changed in opposite directions between exposed and sesame oil groups.
Karaman MI et al. · 2014
Gorpinchenko I, Nikitin O, Banyra O, Shulyak A. · 2014
Researchers exposed sperm samples from 32 healthy men to mobile phone radiation in standby/talk mode for 5 hours. Exposed samples showed significantly lower progressive motility, higher non-progressive motility, and higher DNA fragmentation compared to unexposed samples. A correlation was found between radiation exposure, DNA fragmentation level, and decreased sperm motility.
Geronikolou S et al. · 2014
Egg laying in the second generation was compared between exposed and non-exposed cultures using advanced statistics. The 900 MHz exposure showed statistical significance, while the cordless phone exposure showed limited statistical significance. The researchers also calculated and simulated the near-field radiation patterns inside the vials. They found that the power difference between the two fields becomes null when the cylinder radius and antenna height increase.
Azadi Oskouyi E et al. · 2014
In this study, 18 male rabbits were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group, and the experimental groups received simulated microwaves at 950 MHz with output power of 3 and 6 watts for 2 weeks, 2 h a day. The epithelial height and diameter of the epididymis decreased significantly in both the 3 watt and 6 watt groups, while testosterone level decreased significantly only in the 6 watt group. The rate of apoptosis in the epithelial cells of the epididymis increased significantly only in the 6 watt group.
Sepehrimanesh M, Kazemipour N, Saeb M, Nazifi S. · 2014
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF radiation for 1, 2, or 4 hours per day for 30 consecutive days. Testes were analyzed using high-resolution 2D electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Thirteen proteins were found only in sham or exposure groups, including heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutase, and peroxiredoxin-1. The results suggest that 30-day EMF exposure induces nonthermal stress in testicular tissue.
