5G and Cell Tower Radiation Research

Circadian alterations of reproductive functional markers in male rats exposed to 1800-MHz radiofrequency field.

Qin F et al. · 2014

Evaluation of selected biochemical parameters in the saliva of young males using mobile phones

Abu Khadra KM, Khalil AM, Abu Samak M, Aljaberi A. · 2014

Researchers evaluated biochemical parameters in the saliva of 12 young males before and after using a mobile phone. The phone emitted radio frequency signals of 1800 MHz with a 1.09 w/kg specific absorption rate, and participants used it for 15 and 30 minutes. SOD levels followed a quadratic trend, rising after 15 minutes of talking but then dropping as talking time increased. The researchers suggested that exposure to electromagnetic radiation may exert an oxidative stress on human cells, as evidenced by the increase in the concentration of the superoxide radical anion released in the saliva of cell phone users.

Evaluation of selected biochemical parameters in the saliva of young males using mobile phones.

Abu Khadra KM, Khalil AM, Abu Samak M, Aljaberi A. · 2014

Researchers measured biochemical changes in saliva from 12 young men before and after using mobile phones at typical exposure levels (1.09 W/kg SAR). They found that just 15 minutes of phone use triggered a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (an enzyme that fights cellular damage), indicating the body was responding to oxidative stress from the radiation.

Plasma thyroid hormones and corticosterone levels in blood of chicken embryos and post hatch chickens exposed during incubation to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field.

Pawlak K, Sechman A, Nieckarz Z. · 2014

Multigenerational effects of whole body exposure to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA cellular phone signals on brain function in rats

Shirai T et al. · 2014

Researchers exposed rats to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals for 20 hours a day over three generations. No abnormalities were observed in mother rats or offspring across any biological parameters including neurobehavioral function. The study used three SAR levels: high (<0.24 W/kg), low (<0.08 W/kg), and sham exposure. Pregnant rats were exposed from gestational day 7 to weaning, and offspring were continuously exposed until 6 weeks of age.

Multigenerational effects of whole body exposure to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA cellular phone signals on brain function in rats.

Shirai T et al. · 2014

Japanese researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation (2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals) for 20 hours daily across three generations to see if it affected brain development and behavior. They found no abnormalities in brain function, behavior, or general health in any generation of rats, even with continuous exposure from pregnancy through adulthood. The study suggests that this type of cell phone radiation at these exposure levels does not cause harmful effects that pass from parents to offspring.

Plasma thyroid hormones and corticosterone levels in blood of chicken embryos and post hatch chickens exposed during incubation to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field

Pawlak K, Sechman A, Nieckarz Z · 2014

Polish researchers exposed chicken embryos to 1800 MHz cell phone frequency radiation throughout their development and measured stress hormones. The EMF-exposed embryos showed decreased thyroid hormones and increased stress hormone levels, with effects most pronounced in newly hatched chicks. By slaughter age, hormone levels had returned to normal.

Does Exposure to a Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Modify Thermal Preference in Juvenile Rats?

Pelletier A et al. · 2014

Researchers recorded thermal preference and sleep in 18 young male Wistar rats, with nine exposed to a low-intensity RF-EMF at 900 MHz and nine serving as non-exposed controls. During the light period, exposed rats preferred to sleep at an air temperature of 31°C while controls preferred 28°C. During the dark period, no significant differences between groups were found.

Does Exposure to a Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Modify Thermal Preference in Juvenile Rats?

Pelletier A et al. · 2014

Researchers exposed young rats to cell phone-frequency radiation (900 MHz) for five weeks and found the animals developed altered sleep patterns and temperature preferences. The exposed rats slept 15.5% longer, preferred warmer environments, and had cooler tail temperatures, suggesting the radiation disrupted their normal body temperature regulation. This provides biological evidence that radiofrequency exposure can interfere with fundamental physiological processes like sleep and thermoregulation.

Diverse Radiofrequency Sensitivity and Radiofrequency Effects of Mobile or Cordless Phone near Fields Exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.

Geronikolou S et al. · 2014

Egg laying in the second generation was compared between exposed and non-exposed cultures using advanced statistics. The 900 MHz exposure showed statistical significance, while the cordless phone exposure showed limited statistical significance. The researchers also calculated and simulated the near-field radiation patterns inside the vials. They found that the power difference between the two fields becomes null when the cylinder radius and antenna height increase.

Modeling of EEG electrode artifacts and thermal ripples in human radiofrequency exposure studies.

Murbach et al. · 2014

Researchers evaluated three hypotheses about how radiofrequency exposure could affect EEG by using numerical simulations and experimental assessments with phantoms and anatomical human models. They found that induced fields cause less than a 20% increase in 10 g-averaged SAR, that worst-case electrode placement raises skin temperature by at most 0.31 °C and brain temperature by less than 0.1 °C, and that temperature ripples from RF pulses are below 0.001 °C for GSM-like signals and below 0.004 °C for higher pulse energy. These local short-term temperature elevations are unlikely to change brain physiology during the time period from minutes to several hours after exposure. Thus, the mechanism of interaction between RF and changes in the EEG power spectrum remains unknown.

The effect of radiofrequency radiation generated by a Global System for Mobile Communications source on cochlear development in a rat model

Seckin E et al · 2014

Turkish researchers exposed pregnant rats and their newborns to cell phone radiation at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequencies for one hour daily during pregnancy and early development. While hearing tests showed no differences, microscopic examination revealed significant cellular damage in the inner ear, including increased cell death and structural abnormalities in the cochlea.

The effect of radiofrequency radiation generated by a Global System for Mobile Communications source on cochlear development in a rat model

Seckin E et al · 2014

Turkish researchers exposed pregnant rats and their newborns to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz cell phone radiation for one hour daily throughout pregnancy and early development. While hearing tests showed no differences, electron microscope examination revealed significant cellular damage in the inner ear (cochlea) of exposed animals, including increased cell death.

Noninvasive Assessment of Metabolic Effects of Exposure to 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields on Djungarian Hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus).

Taberski K et al. · 2014

Researchers exposed 16 male Djungarian hamsters to 900 MHz GSM-modulated RF-EMF at SAR levels of 0, 0.08, 0.4, and 4 W/kg for one week per condition. Only at the highest SAR level did fur temperature increase by about 0.5°C, food consumption decrease, and daytime carbon dioxide production and respiratory quotient decrease.

The effects of mobile phones on apoptosis in cerebral tissue: an experimental study on rats.

Yilmaz A et al. · 2014

Researchers exposed rats to mobile phone radiation at typical usage levels for four weeks, then examined brain tissue for signs of cell death (apoptosis). They found significantly increased levels of proteins that control cell death in the exposed rats compared to unexposed controls. This suggests that mobile phone radiation may trigger cellular stress responses in brain tissue at exposure levels similar to everyday phone use.

Effects of microwaves (950 MHZ mobile phone) on morphometric and apoptotic changes of rabbit epididymis.

Azadi Oskouyi E et al. · 2014

In this study, 18 male rabbits were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group, and the experimental groups received simulated microwaves at 950 MHz with output power of 3 and 6 watts for 2 weeks, 2 h a day. The epithelial height and diameter of the epididymis decreased significantly in both the 3 watt and 6 watt groups, while testosterone level decreased significantly only in the 6 watt group. The rate of apoptosis in the epithelial cells of the epididymis increased significantly only in the 6 watt group.

The effect of radiofrequency radiation generated by a Global System for Mobile Communications source on cochlear development in a rat model.

Seckin E et al. · 2014

Researchers exposed pregnant rats and their offspring to cell phone radiation (900 and 1800 MHz frequencies) for one hour daily during pregnancy and for 21 days after birth. While hearing tests showed no differences between exposed and unexposed animals, microscopic examination revealed significant cellular damage in the inner ear structures responsible for hearing. This suggests that cell phone radiation can harm developing hearing organs even when functional hearing appears normal.

Effect of long term 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation on enamel microhardness of rat's teeth.

Dasdag S, Yavuz I1, Bakkal M, Kargul B. · 2014

A control group of 7 rats underwent the same procedure with the generator turned off. Enamel microhardness was measured at the end of the study and showed no significant difference between groups (p>0.05).

Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular phones on electrocardiograms of guinea pigs

Meral I, Tekintangac Y, Demir H · 2014

Researchers used 30 healthy guinea pigs weighing 500-800 g, randomly assigning 10 to a control group and 20 to an EMF-exposed group after a one-week adaptation period. The exposed group received 890-915 MHz EMF with a 217 Hz pulse rate, 2 W maximum peak power, and 0.95 wt kg(-1) specific absorption rate for 12 h per day (11 h 45 min stand-by and 15 min speaking mode) over 30 days. ECGs were recorded at baseline and on days 10, 20, and 30 using leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL, and aVF, with wave durations and amplitudes measured in lead II. The authors recommended further investigation with longer exposure durations to clarify cardiovascular effects.

The in vivo effects of low-intensity radiofrequency fields on the motor activity of protozoa

Sarapultseva EI, Igolkina JV, Tikhonov VN, Dubrova YE · 2014

Researchers exposed the ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum to 1 GHz and 10 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at power flux densities ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 W/m2 for periods from 0.05 to 10 hours. Exposure to 0.1 W/m2 of either 1 or 10 GHz radiofrequency fields resulted in a significant decrease in the motility of the ciliates. The motility of unexposed offspring of ciliates that had been irradiated with 0.1 W/m2 of 10 GHz radiofrequency fields remained significantly compromised across at least 10 to 15 generations.

Calreticulin Protects Rat Microvascular Endothelial Cells against Microwave Radiation-induced Injury by Attenuating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.

Li WH, Li YZ, Song DD, Wang XR, Liu M, Wu XD, Liu XH. · 2014

Researchers pretreated rat MMECs with CRT (25 pg/mL) for 12 hours then exposed them to 2.856 GHz radiation at 30 mW/cm2 for six minutes. Microwave radiation increased LDH leakage, apoptosis rate, and decreased cell viability in MMECs. Microwave radiation also induced ER stress characterized by increased GRP78 and CRT expression and upregulation of CHOP and Bax with downregulation of Bcl-2. Exogenous CRT pretreatment attenuated MR-induced apoptosis, LDH leakage, ER stress, and ER stress-related apoptotic signaling.

Response of Caenorhabditis elegans to wireless devices radiation exposure

Fasseas MK et al. · 2014

Researchers exposed synchronized populations of C. elegans at different developmental stages to radiation from GSM mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers, and DECT phones at electric field levels below ICNIRP guidelines. They examined wild-type and aging- or stress-sensitive mutant worms for changes in growth, fertility, lifespan, chemotaxis, short-term memory, ROS production, and apoptosis using fluorescent markers and qRT-PCR. No statistically significant differences were found between exposed and control animals in any of the measured outcomes.

Effects of nano-selenium on cognition performance of mice exposed in 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields

Qin F, Yuan H, Nie J, Cao Y, Tong J · 2014

Researchers exposed male mice to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields at 208 microW/cm2 for 0, 30, or 120 minutes per day for 30 days, while some groups also received nano-selenium by intra-gastric injection. Significant impairments in learning and memory were observed in the RF 120 min group, along with reduced acetylcholine levels and antioxidant enzyme activity and increased GABA, glutamate, and MDA in the brain. Nano-selenium supplementation decreased GABA, glutamate, and MDA levels and increased acetylcholine levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in the exposed mice.

The Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on Liver Tissue Protein Oxidation and Antioxidant Enzyme Levels After the Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation.

Ozgur E et al. · 2014

Researchers exposed adult male guinea pigs to GSM-modulated radio frequency radiation at an average whole body SAR of 0.4 W/kg for 10 or 20 minutes daily for seven consecutive days. The study measured protein oxidation, advanced oxidation protein products, and superoxide dismutase activity in liver tissue, and also tested NAC and EGCG as potential protective treatments. SOD activity significantly decreased after radio frequency radiation exposure, but protein damage did not change. NAC treatment alone increased PCO levels, and EGCG treatment alone elevated AOPP levels.

[Effects of nano-selenium on cognition performance of mice exposed in 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields].

Qin F, Yuan H, Nie J, Cao Y, Tong J. · 2014

Researchers exposed mice to cell phone radiation at 1800 MHz (the frequency used by GSM networks) for either 30 or 120 minutes daily over 30 days. Mice exposed for 120 minutes showed significant learning and memory problems, along with brain chemistry changes indicating oxidative stress. When researchers gave the mice nano-selenium supplements, the cognitive damage was largely prevented.