Schlegel RE, Grant FH, Raman S, Reynolds D · 1998
Researchers tested 29 different cardiac pacemaker models with five types of wireless phones to see if the phones interfered with the pacemakers' normal operation. They found that certain combinations caused problems in 21% of tests, with some pacemaker models being particularly vulnerable to interference from specific phone technologies. The study confirmed that keeping phones at least 6 inches away from pacemakers prevents interference, and all devices returned to normal function when the interfering phone was turned off.
Braune, S, Wrocklage, C, Raczek, J, Gailus, T, Lucking, CH · 1998
German researchers exposed 10 healthy volunteers to GSM 900 MHz cell phone radiation for 35 minutes while continuously monitoring their blood pressure and heart rate. They found that resting blood pressure increased during exposure to the phone's electromagnetic field compared to a placebo condition. This suggests that even short-term exposure to cell phone radiation can affect cardiovascular function in healthy individuals.
Bassen HI, Moore HJ, Ruggera PS · 1998
Researchers tested how digital cell phones affect implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), medical devices that shock the heart back into rhythm during dangerous arrhythmias. They found that phones using TDMA technology could cause ICDs to malfunction when held within 2-6 centimeters of the device, either preventing necessary pacing or triggering inappropriate high-voltage shocks. The interference stopped immediately when phones were moved away from the ICD.
Szmigielski et al. · 1998
Researchers studied 61 workers exposed to radio frequency electromagnetic fields and found their natural daily blood pressure and heart rate patterns were disrupted - the normal peaks and valleys were flattened and shifted earlier, suggesting EMF exposure interferes with the body's cardiovascular rhythms.
Jauchem JR et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed 10 anesthetized rats to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses at very high intensities (87-104 kV/m electric field strength) for two minutes and monitored their heart rate and blood pressure. They found no immediate changes in either cardiovascular measure during or after exposure. This suggests that short-term exposure to these specific high-intensity electromagnetic pulses does not cause immediate cardiovascular effects in rats.
Sanmartin M et al. · 1997
Spanish researchers tested whether GSM cell phones interfere with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) - devices that shock the heart back to normal rhythm during dangerous arrhythmias. They placed phones directly against the chest of 30 patients with various ICD models during calls, ringing, and conversation, monitoring for any device malfunction. No electromagnetic interference was detected, suggesting GSM phones don't disrupt these life-saving cardiac devices.
Ryan KL, Walters TJ, Tehrany MR, Lovelace JD, Jauchem JR · 1997
Researchers exposed rats of different ages to 35 GHz microwave radiation until death to study whether age affects how the body responds to microwave heating. They found that young, middle-aged, and older rats all showed identical patterns of rising body temperature and heart rate during exposure, with no age-related differences in survival time. This suggests that age doesn't change how mammals respond to intense microwave heating.
Jauchem, JR, · 1997
Researchers reviewed studies examining how electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from power lines and radiofrequency radiation from devices like cell phones affect the human heart. They found that most studies showed no significant effects on blood pressure, heart rate, or heart rhythm patterns when exposure levels stayed below current safety standards. While some early Soviet studies in the 1960s suggested heart problems in electrical workers, later Western research could not confirm these findings.
Hayes DL et al. · 1997
Researchers tested 980 pacemaker patients with five different types of cellular phones to see if the phones interfered with their heart devices. They found that phones caused some type of interference in 20 percent of tests, but serious problems only occurred in 1.7 percent of cases when phones were held directly over the pacemaker. When phones were used normally at the ear, there was no clinically significant interference.
Gadzicka E, Bortkiewicz A, Zmyslony M, Palczynski C · 1997
Polish researchers monitored blood pressure and heart rate in 153 male workers exposed to radio frequency EMF at broadcast and radio service stations over periods ranging from 1 to 42 years. While overall blood pressure remained normal, workers showed significantly reduced heart rate variability, suggesting disrupted nervous system regulation of the heart. Radio service workers also had higher rates of elevated blood pressure compared to unexposed controls.
Altamura G et al. · 1997
Researchers monitored 200 pacemaker patients to see if cell phones interfered with their heart devices. They found that digital phones disrupted pacemaker function in 21.5% of patients, while analog phones caused problems in 17.5% of patients. The interference was most dangerous when phones were carried close to the pacemaker, but patients could use phones safely by keeping them away from the implanted device.
Bortkiewicz et al. · 1997
Researchers studied heart function in 71 workers at AM radio broadcast stations who were regularly exposed to electromagnetic fields compared to 22 unexposed workers. They found that 75% of EMF-exposed workers showed abnormal heart rhythms on electrocardiograms, compared to only 25% of unexposed workers. This suggests that occupational EMF exposure may significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular problems.
Fiorani M et al. · 1997
Italian researchers exposed rabbit red blood cells to 50 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as electrical power lines) while simultaneously stressing them with oxidizing chemicals. They found that magnetic field exposure at 0.5 milliTesla made the cellular damage significantly worse, increasing enzyme breakdown by 20% and doubling the production of damaged hemoglobin compared to cells exposed to oxidative stress alone.
Sparks PB, Mond HG, Joyner KH, Wood MP · 1996
Researchers tested whether 900-MHz digital mobile phones could interfere with rate-adaptive pacemakers (devices that adjust heart pacing based on breathing patterns). They exposed 16 implanted pacemakers to simulated phone signals and found that at maximum sensitivity settings, 11 of 16 devices showed no interference, while 5 experienced brief effects like extra heartbeats or pauses. When programmed to normal sensitivity levels, only one device showed rare single-beat triggering, demonstrating these pacemakers perform reliably around mobile phones.
Nowak B et al. · 1996
Researchers tested whether mobile phones could interfere with single lead VDD pacemakers (a specific type of heart device) by placing a 2-watt cellular phone directly on the skin of 31 patients near their pacemakers. They found no interference with any of the three different pacemaker models tested, even when the devices were programmed to their most sensitive settings.
Wilke A, Grimm W, Funck R, Maisch B, · 1996
German researchers tested 50 patients with permanent pacemakers to see if early GSM cell phones could interfere with their heart devices. They found that 4% of patients (2 out of 50) experienced intermittent pacemaker disruption during phone calls, with both affected devices using older unipolar sensing technology. The study concluded that while interference is relatively rare, pacemaker-dependent patients should avoid using cellular phones as a precaution.
Naegeli B, Osswald S, Deola M, Burkart F · 1996
Researchers tested digital mobile phones near 39 patients with implanted pacemakers to see if the phones would interfere with the life-saving devices. They found that 18% of patients experienced pacemaker malfunctions when phones were held within 10 centimeters (about 4 inches) of the device, with some interference causing dangerous pacemaker inhibition. The interference was worse with higher-power phones and more sensitive pacemaker settings.
Irnich W, Batz L, Muller R, Tobisch R · 1996
German researchers tested 231 pacemaker models from 20 manufacturers to see if mobile phones interfere with their function. They found that about one-third of pacemakers experienced interference from certain phone frequencies, but simple precautions like keeping phones 20 cm away from the chest completely prevented problems. The study concluded that while interference is possible, it's easily avoided and affects very few patients in real-world conditions.
Hofgartner F, Muller T, Sigel H · 1996
German researchers tested 104 pacemaker patients with early mobile phones (analog and digital networks) to see if the devices interfered with their heart rhythm devices. They found that 41% of patients experienced dangerous pacemaker malfunctions, including complete inhibition and irregular heart rhythms, when exposed to mobile phone signals. Higher-power phones caused interference at greater distances than lower-power models.
Chen WH, Lau CP, Leung SK, Ho DS, Lee IS · 1996
Researchers tested how cell phones affect pacemakers in 29 patients with implanted heart devices. They found that phones caused dangerous interference in 3.1% of tests, including stopping the pacemaker from working properly or making it pace too rapidly. The interference only occurred when phones were placed directly over the pacemaker, not when held to the ear for normal use.
Bortkiewicz A, Gadzicka E, Zmyslony M, · 1996
Researchers studied 71 broadcast station workers exposed to medium-frequency electromagnetic fields and compared their heart rate variability (a measure of nervous system control over heart rhythm) to 22 unexposed workers. The exposed workers showed impaired nervous system regulation of their cardiovascular function, with higher electromagnetic field intensities correlating with greater disruption. This suggests that occupational EMF exposure may interfere with the body's ability to properly control heart function.
Bortkiewicz A, Zmyslony M, Gadzicka E, Szymczak W · 1996
Polish researchers studied 153 workers at radio broadcasting stations to examine how occupational EMF exposure affects heart health. Workers at AM broadcast stations showed six times higher risk of heart rhythm abnormalities compared to workers at radio link stations with lower EMF exposure. The study suggests that workers exposed to higher EMF levels need more comprehensive cardiac monitoring to detect potential heart problems.
Barbaro V, Bartolini P, Donato A, Militello C · 1996
Researchers tested whether analog cellular phones could interfere with pacemakers by using a realistic human body simulator and 25 different pacemaker models. They found that 40% of the pacemakers (10 out of 25) experienced significant interference when exposed to the electromagnetic fields from analog cell phones, including dangerous pulse inhibition where the pacemaker skipped beats. The interference was strongest when the phone's antenna was close to the pacemaker, particularly during incoming calls and ringing.
Wolke S, Neibig U, Elsner R, Gollnick F, Meyer R, · 1996
German researchers exposed guinea pig heart cells to cell phone radiation frequencies (900-1,800 MHz) and measured calcium levels, which are crucial for heart function. They found essentially no significant effects on cellular calcium balance, suggesting low-level RF exposure may not disrupt basic heart cell signaling.
Pakhomov AG, Dubovick BV, Degtyariov IG, Pronkevich AN · 1995
Russian researchers exposed isolated frog heart tissue to microwave radiation at frequencies used by cell phones (915 and 885 MHz) to see if different pulse patterns affected heart function. They tested 400 different exposure combinations and found that heart changes only occurred when the microwaves generated enough heat to raise tissue temperature by 0.1-0.4 degrees Celsius. The heart effects were identical to those produced by conventional heating, suggesting the microwaves worked purely through thermal heating rather than any unique electromagnetic mechanism.
