MICROWAVE OVENS: A POTENTIAL RISK TO PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC PACEMAKERS
REFSHAUGE · 1971
Key Finding: 93% of 2,429 primary studies on whole body / general found biological effects from EMF exposure.
Of 2,429 studies examining whole body / general, 93% found measurable biological effects from EMF exposure.
Lowest Documented Effect
Research found effects on whole body / general at exposures as low as:
Research Overview
- -When 95% of nearly 3,800 peer-reviewed studies document biological effects from electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, we're looking at a weight of evidence that demands attention.
- -This isn't fringe science or industry speculation-it's the consistent finding across independent research examining how radiofrequency radiation, extremely low frequency fields, and other non-ionizing EMF sources interact with human physiology.
- -The question isn't whether effects occur, but which ones matter most to you and your family.
When 95% of nearly 3,800 peer-reviewed studies document biological effects from electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, we're looking at a weight of evidence that demands attention. This isn't fringe science or industry speculation-it's the consistent finding across independent research examining how radiofrequency radiation, extremely low frequency fields, and other non-ionizing EMF sources interact with human physiology. The question isn't whether effects occur, but which ones matter most to you and your family. The documented effects span multiple biological systems.
That's what the evidence shows across the 3,798 studies in our whole body research collection: 3,591 of them identified biological changes in response to electromagnetic field exposure.
Research on chicken embryos exposed to both ELF and RF radiation demonstrated 27% less protective protein production after repeated exposures, indicating compromised cellular defense mechanisms.
Source: BioInitiative Working Group. BioInitiative Report: A Rationale for Biologically-based Public Exposure Standards for Electromagnetic Radiation. Edited by Cindy Sage and David O. Carpenter, BioInitiative, 2012, updated 2020. www.bioinitiative.org
Showing 2,816 studies
EVALUATION OF OPHTHALMOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN FORMER MILITARY PERSONNEL WHOSE WORK INVOLVED USE OF RADAR
Lawrence T. Odland · 1971
Microwave Absorption in a Helical Polypeptide Molecule
Mansel Davies, P. Maurel, A. H. Price · 1971
Researchers measured microwave absorption at 3, 8.5, 36, and 72 GHz on three molecular weight samples of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) in two solvents. In each case a distinct, narrow absorption centered between 2 and 15 GHz was observed and was almost temperature independent. The absorption’s frequency, intensity, and contour are not inconsistent with a helical-spring vibration mode proposed to explain an abnormal polarizability increase.
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION LEVELS FROM SELECTED TRANSMITTERS OPERATING BETWEEN 54 and 220 MHz in the LAS VEGAS, NEVADA, AREA
Kenneth R. Envall, Richard W. Peterson, Harold F. Stewart · 1971
Induced fields and heating within a cranial structure irradiated by an electromagnetic plane wave
Shapiro AR, Lutomirski RF, Yura HT · 1971
Researchers calculated induced fields and static heating patterns for a multilayered spherical model of a primate cranial structure irradiated by a plane wave at 3000 MHz. They demonstrated that the semi-infinite slab model is inappropriate for calculating microwave radiation dosage for the human head and that the infinite slab model can give large errors for the internal fields.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО ПОЛЯ УВЧ НА ПРОЦЕССЫ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОГО ОБМЕНА В ТКАНЯХ ЖИВОТНЫХ
Л. И. Мищенко · 1971
Soviet Radar Expertise Expands
Barry Miller · 1971
Die morphologischen Veränderungen der Plazenta unter dem Einfluß der Kurzwellendurchflutung. Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen
Mohammed Moayer · 1971
Whole Body / General
Not an original health-effects study
Biomedical Aspects of Microwave Exposure
Sol M. Michaelson · 1971
Whole Body / General
Review
The Tri-Service Program—A Tribute to George M. Knauf, USAF (MC)
S. M. Michaelson · 1971
The Tri-Service Program investigated microwave bioeffects from 200 through 24 500 MHz under acute, subacute, and chronic conditions using pulsed and continuous wave exposures. The program's most important contribution was validating the 10-mW /cm² safety standard.
Microwave Heating of Simulated Human Limbs by Aperture Sources
Henry S. Ho et al. · 1971
The study used triple-layered dielectric cylinders to simulate human fat, muscle, and bone in thigh and arm models. Theoretical calculations covered frequencies from 433 to 2450 MHz using a cylindrical wave summation method on a high-speed computer. An experimental aperture source at 918 MHz was built and temperature patterns were recorded with a thermograph camera. Theoretical and experimental results showed agreement. The methods may be applied to designing applicators for therapeutic tissue heating.
COLLAGEN DEVELOPMENT IN TISSUE CULTURES IN VITRO UNDER STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS
E. ISRAELI, Z. KARNI, Z. SCHUR, D. BARZILAI · 1971
Essai de corrélation entre l'évolution d'une affection par Trypanosoma equiperdum et l'action d'une onde électromagnétique pulsée et modulée
André-Jean Berteaud et al. · 1971
The Information Content of an Electromagnetic Field with Relevance to Sensory Processing of Information
T. W. Barrett · 1971
The paper describes the forms that information quanta can take in an electromagnetic field, showing a series of quanta increasing in size beyond a theoretical minimum. The theoretical minimum quantum uses a modulating envelope called D₀(x), while mammalian hearing employs a D₀(x)³/² envelope. The electric fish Gnathonemus petersii produces 200-microsecond pulses in a 1–10 kHz range, but theoretical minimum signals above 3 kHz are 166 microseconds or less, indicating the fish uses higher-order quanta or multiple minimum quanta.
Effect of High-frequency Electromagnetic Field upon Haemopoietic Stem Cells in Mice
Dolores Rotkovska, A. Vacek · 1971
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION INTERFERENCE with CARDIAC PACEMAKERS
Paul S. Ruggera, Robert L. Elder · 1971
The report explains how pacemakers and microwave ovens function and describes the mechanism of electromagnetic interference. Synchronous pacemakers are more susceptible to electromagnetic interference than asynchronous models because of their low-level energy-sensing circuits. The federal standard limits microwave oven leakage to 1 mW/cm2 at 5 cm from the surface initially, allowing up to 5 mW/cm2 over the oven's life. At the standard's maximum leakage, a power density of 5.4 muW/cm2 would exist 5 feet from the oven assuming 50 percent body absorption.
High Frequency Exposure Chamber for Radiobiological Research
Glenn A. Skaggs · 1971
The program aimed to determine whether the 10 mw/em2 exposure limit for VHF frequencies is acceptable for the HF band (3-30 MHz). A rectangular coaxial line was chosen because it is self-shielded, provides uniform fields over a usable volume, and is simple to construct. Scale modeling showed that a center conductor width ratio of W/w = 3/2 and w/b = 4/3 would reasonably match a 50-ohm transmitter. The completed chamber measured 53 ohms impedance and produced uniform E and H fields over an area about 4 x 16 feet. Field strength and impedance changed only a few percent when monkeys were present.
Pathophysiological aspects of microwave irradiation--II. Critical analysis of the literature.
Michaelson SM · 1971
Whole Body / General
Measurement survey
DETERMINATION AND ELIMINATION OF HAZARDOUS MICROWAVE FIELDS ABOARD NAVAL SHIPS
Z. R. GLASER, G. M. HEIMER · 1971
Étude des perturbations biologiques chez les techniciens O.R.T.F. dans certains champs électromagnétiques de haute fréquence
M. DEROCHE · 1971
No progressive diseases linked to the exposure were found. Reversible functional disturbances including fatigue, headaches, insomnia, muscle cramps, and memory difficulties were identified. Clinical tests on 17 technicians in Rennes showed normal blood pressure, blood sugar, sedimentation rate, blood count, and EEG except minor unexplained variations on three traces. Field measurements at the Metz-Luttange transmitter showed levels from 0.001 to 2.22 mW/cm² in personnel areas.
SUPPRESSION OF THYROID FUNCTION AND ADRENOMEDULLARY ACTIVATION BY LOW-INTENSITY MICROWAVE IRRADIATION
Lawrence N. Parker · 1971
Evidence for Nonthermal Effects of Microwave Radiation: Abnormal Development of Irradiated Insect Pupae
Russell L. Carpenter, Elliot M. Livstone · 1971
The study irradiated early pupae of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor with 10-GHz CW radiation at waveguide powers of 80 mW for 20 or 30 minutes or 20 mW for 120 minutes. In control groups without microwave power, 90 percent of pupae metamorphosed into normal adult beetles, while in irradiated groups only .24 percent developed normally, 25 percent died, and 51 percent developed abnormally. When the thermal conditions were duplicated by radiant heating, pupal development was normal.
Selective Electromagnetic Heating of Tumors in Animals in Deep Hypothermia
Robert P. Zimmer, H. Allen Ecker, Vojin P. Popovic · 1971
A Microwave Oven for Behavioural and Biological Research: Electrical and Structural Modifications, Calorimetric, Dosimetry, and Functional Evaluation
D. R. Justesen, D. M. Levinson, R. L. Clarke, Nancy W. King · 1971
Whole Body / General
Not an original health-effects study
THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF CONSTANT AND LOW-FREQUENCY INTERMITTENT MAGNETIC FIELDS (SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE)
I.L. Degen · 1971
Learn More
For a comprehensive exploration of EMF health effects including whole body / general, along with practical protection strategies, explore these books by R Blank and Dr. Martin Blank.
FAQs: EMF & Whole Body / General
When 95% of nearly 3,800 peer-reviewed studies document biological effects from electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, we're looking at a weight of evidence that demands attention. This isn't fringe science or industry speculation-it's the consistent finding across independent research examining how radiofrequency radiation, extremely low frequency fields, and other non-ionizing EMF sources interact with human physiology.
The SYB Research Database includes 2,429 peer-reviewed studies examining the relationship between electromagnetic field exposure and whole body / general. These studies have been conducted by researchers worldwide and published in scientific journals. The research spans multiple decades and includes various types of EMF sources including cell phones, WiFi, power lines, and other common sources of electromagnetic radiation.
93% of the 2,429 studies examining whole body / general found measurable biological effects from EMF exposure. This means that 2257 studies documented observable changes in biological systems when exposed to electromagnetic fields. The remaining 7% either found no significant effects or had inconclusive results, which is typical in scientific research where study design and exposure parameters vary.