Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B · 2012
Researchers exposed male rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 2 hours per day, 7 days a week, for 10 months, then measured beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde levels were found to be higher in the brains of exposed rats. Only the increase in protein carbonyl was statistically significant (p < 0.001).
Bouji M, Lecomte A, Hode Y, de Seze R, Villégier AS · 2012
Researchers assessed the effects of a single GSM exposure at 900 MHz with a specific absorption rate of 6 W/kg on young adult (6-week-old) and middle-aged (12-month-old) rats. The study measured brain IL-1β and IL-6, plasmatic corticosterone levels, and emotional memory. Results showed an IL-1β increase in the olfactory bulb and enhanced contextual emotional memory in GSM-exposed middle-aged rats, while plasmatic corticosterone levels increased in GSM-exposed young adults. Acute GSM exposure did not induce astrocyte activation, in contrast to previously published work.
Aldad TS, Gan G, Gao XB, Taylor HS · 2012
Researchers used a mouse model to examine whether in-utero radiofrequency exposure from cellular telephones affects adult behavior. Mice exposed in the womb were hyperactive and had impaired memory, as measured using the object recognition, light/dark box, and step-down assays. The exposed mice also had dose-responsive impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex.
Cogulu O. · 2012
Researchers exposed mouse brain cell cultures to radiofrequency waves to evaluate genotoxic effects. The cultures were exposed to 10.715 GHz signals at a specific absorption rate of 0.725 W/kg for 6 hours over 3 days at 25°C. The study measured changes in the micronucleus assay and in the expression of 11 proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes. The micronuclei rate increased 11-fold and STAT3 expression decreased 7-fold in the exposed cell cultures.
Valentini E, Ferrara M, Presaghi F, De Gennaro L, Curcio G. · 2011
Lindholm H et al. · 2011
Each exposure and sham period lasted 15 minutes and took place in a climatic chamber under controlled thermoneutral conditions. They measured ear canal temperature, skin temperature at multiple sites, local cerebral blood flow via near-infrared spectroscopy, and autonomic nervous system function via ECG and continuous blood pressure. During the short-term RF exposure, local cerebral blood flow did not change, ear canal temperature did not increase significantly, and autonomic nervous system function was not interfered with.
Lee HJ et al. · 2011
Six-week-old AKR/J mice were simultaneously exposed to CDMA and WCDMA RF-EMFs for 45 minutes per day, five days per week, for 42 weeks. The whole-body average SAR was 2.0 W/kg for each signal, totaling 4.0 W/kg. No differences were found in final survival, lymphoma incidence, or splenomegaly incidence between sham- and RF-exposed mice. However, brain metastasis infiltration in lymphoma-bearing mice was significantly different in RF-exposed mice compared to sham-exposed mice, with no consistent correlation between sexes. Infiltration to liver, lung, and spleen did not differ between groups.
Kayabasoglu G et al. · 2011
Forty Wistar Albino rats, twenty newborn and twenty adult, were divided into exposed and control groups of ten each. The rats were exposed to the electromagnetic field for 6 hours per day for 30 consecutive days. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions were measured before and after the 30 day exposure period and a signal-to-noise ratio was calculated for statistical analysis. No significant difference in distortion product otoacoustic emissions was found before and after exposure in either newborn or adult rats (p>0.05).
Frei P et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the risk of central nervous system tumours among Danish mobile phone subscribers. The cohort included 58 403 subscription holders with 3.8 million person years of follow-up from 1990-2007, during which 10 729 tumour cases occurred. The overall risk was close to unity for both men and women. For those with 13 or more years of subscription, incidence rate ratios were 1.03 in men and 0.91 in women. No dose-response relation was found by years of use or tumour location near the handset.
Aydin D et al. · 2011
The CEFALO study included children and adolescents aged 7–19 years diagnosed with brain tumors between 2004 and 2008 in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland. Researchers interviewed 352 case patients and 646 control subjects matched by age, sex, and geographical region. Regular mobile phone users did not have a statistically significant increase in brain tumor risk compared with nonusers. No increased risk was found for brain areas receiving the highest exposure, and no exposure–response relationship was observed.
Watilliaux A, Edeline JM, Lévêque P, Jay TM, Mallat M · 2011
Researchers exposed young rats on postnatal days 5, 15, or 35 to a GSM 1,800 MHz signal for 2 hours at 1.7–2.5 W/kg SAR and compared them to pseudo-exposed littermates. Western blotting measured heat shock proteins HSP60, HSC70, HSP90, serine racemase, glutamate transporters GLT1 and GLAST, and glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP in total and soluble extracts. The GSM signal had no significant effect on any of these proteins, and immunohistochemical staining for CD68 showed no differences in microglial morphology or distribution.
Sauter C et al. · 2011
Researchers tested 30 healthy young men exposed to GSM 900, WCDMA, and sham signals over nine study days. After correction for multiple testing, only time-of-day effects remained significant in two tests, resulting in faster reactions in the afternoon trials. Univariate comparisons revealed significant changes for GSM 900 only in the vigilance test. WCDMA exposure altered one parameter in vigilance and one in divided attention, while selective attention and the n-back task were not affected by either exposure.
Sakurai T et al. · 2011
The study used DNA microarray to examine gene expression in SVGp12 human glial cells after exposure to 2.45 GHz continuous-wave RF fields at SARs of 1, 5, and 10 W/kg for 1, 4, and 24 hours. Microarray analysis identified 23 assigned and 5 non-assigned gene spots as potentially altered. Follow-up RT-PCR analysis of Twenty-two genes showed no significant alterations in gene expression. The authors concluded that under their experimental conditions they found no evidence that RF field exposure affected gene expression in SVGp12 cells.
Yuan K et al. · 2011
Researchers examined brain structure in 18 adolescents with internet addiction disorder using voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging. Voxel-based morphometry showed reduced gray matter volume in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, orbitofrontal cortex, cerebellum, and left rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed increased fractional anisotropy in the left posterior limb of the internal capsule and decreased fractional anisotropy in the right parahippocampal gyrus white matter.
Levis AG et al. · 2011
Keshvari J, Heikkilä T. · 2011
Researchers investigated SAR differences in child and adult head models using CAD models of commercial mobile phones as exposure sources. The main finding was that SAR distribution depends highly on antenna structure and phone model, making the exposure source type the key parameter. No systematic differences between child and adult heads were found from a volume-averaged SAR perspective. SAR values from generic source models could not be extrapolated to real device exposures.
Jorge-Mora T et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus using c-Fos protein expression as a marker of cellular activation. Rats were exposed once or repeatedly (ten times in two weeks) to 2.45 GHz radiation at power intensities of 3 and 12 W in a GTEM cell, with SAR determined by Finite Difference Time Domain calculation. High SAR increased c-Fos expression at 90 minutes and 24 hours post-exposure, low SAR increased c-Fos counts at 24 hours, and repeated 3 W exposure increased PVN activation by more than 100% compared to acute exposure and non-radiated controls.
Hareuveny R, Eliyahu I, Luria R, Meiran N, Margaliot M. · 2011
Researchers tested 29 right-handed men with phones on both sides of the head during a spatial working memory task. External antennas were used to prevent RF radiation from the phones' internal antennas. Despite drastically reduced RF exposure, results were similar to earlier studies where phones emitted RF radiation. The authors conclude that some effects previously linked to RF radiation may come from other factors.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. · 2011
Researchers pooled two case-control studies of living patients and one case-control study of deceased patients with malignant brain tumours diagnosed from 1997 to 2003. They interviewed cases, controls, and relatives of deceased subjects using a structured questionnaire. Replies were obtained for 1,251 cases and 2,438 controls. The risk of glioma increased with latency period and cumulative hours of mobile and cordless phone use. For astrocytoma, the most common glioma, the odds ratio was 2.7 for mobile phone use with more than ten years latency and 4.9 for first mobile phone use before age 20.
Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K, Eriksson M. · 2011
Gasmelseed A. · 2011
They used a plane multilayered method at wireless frequencies of 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz. The study calculated specific absorption rate in three different eye models. Results confirmed a complex relationship between absorption and structural variations of the eye at these frequencies.
Deltour I et al. · 2011
Researchers analyzed the three-dimensional SAR distribution in phantom models to detect clusters of phones, summarizing each phone by a half-ellipsoid above half the maximum SAR and using Partitioning Around Medoids with ellipsoid overlap and Manhattan distance. Weak clustering was found for handset shape (bar phone, flip with top and flip with central antennas) but only in specific positions (tilt or cheek) within the 800 MHz band and partly in 900 and 1800 MHz bands. On 120 phones, the three-dimensional SAR distribution did not appear related to external phone characteristics or measurement characteristics that could refine exposure assessment in epidemiological studies such as Interphone.
Aydin D et al. · 2011
Researchers performed simulations using real data from the CEFALO case–control study to assess how recall errors and selection bias affect odds ratios for mobile phone use and brain tumor risk in children and adolescents. In a validation study, cases overestimated their number of calls by 9% on average and controls by 34%, while cases overestimated call duration by 52% and controls by 163%. Participation rates were 83% for cases and 71% for controls, and the combined impact of recall error and selection bias on estimated odds ratios was complex across various scenarios.
Chaturvedi CM et al. · 2011
Kaprana AE et al. · 2011
Thirty healthy rabbits were exposed to GSM-900 radiation for 60 minutes while auditory brainstem responses were recorded at regular intervals. The mean absolute latency of waves III–V showed a statistically significant delay after 60, 45, and 15 minutes of exposure, respectively. Interwave latencies I–V and III–V were significantly delayed after 30 minutes of radiation. No significant delay was found in the ear contralateral to the radiation source at 60 minutes. ABR measurements returned to baseline 24 hours after exposure.
