Dogan M et al. · 2012
Rats were randomly assigned to an exposed group (n=9) and a control group (n=9), with the exposed group subjected to electromagnetic radiation for 20 days. Researchers measured choline, creatinin, and N-acetylaspartate levels by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities by spectrophotometry, and apoptosis by histopathology. No significant differences were found in NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, or NAA/Cho ratios between the exposed and control groups. Oxidative stress parameters and apoptotic cell counts also showed no significant differences between groups.
Curcio G et al. · 2012
The study aimed to investigate the effects of GSM signal exposure on brain BOLD response and its time course during a Go-NoGo task. Participants were tested twice, once with real GSM radiofrequency signal exposure and once with a sham exposure as a placebo condition. BOLD response and reaction times were measured before and after exposure while participants performed the task. Reaction times to the somatosensory task did not change with real versus sham exposure, and Go responses activated the inferior parietal lobule, insula, precentral and postcentral gyri similarly after both exposures with no significant ROI effects.
Sudan M, Kheifets L, Arah O, Olsen J, Zeltzer L. · 2012
Researchers used data from the Danish National Birth Cohort, which enrolled pregnant women from 1996 to 2002, and assessed children at age seven via maternal questionnaire. They analyzed 52,680 children using multivariable adjusted models to relate prenatal only, postnatal only, or both prenatal and postnatal cell phone exposure to migraines and headache-related symptoms. Children with both prenatal and postnatal exposure had higher odds of migraines (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.01-1.68) and headache-related symptoms (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.23-1.40) compared to unexposed children.
Li CY, Liu CC, Chang YH, Chou LP, Ko MC. · 2012
Researchers conducted a population-based case-control study in Taiwan of children aged 15 or younger diagnosed with neoplasms between 2003 and 2007. Exposure to radiofrequency radiation was estimated from the annual power density of mobile phone base stations in each township over the five years before diagnosis. Higher-than-median exposure was significantly associated with increased odds of all neoplasms combined, but not with leukemia or brain neoplasms individually.
Hardell L, Carlberg M. · 2012
Researchers analyzed survival of glioma patients in relation to wireless phone use. For glioma overall, wireless phone use gave a hazard ratio of 1.1, and with more than 10-year latency the hazard ratio was 1.2. Low-grade astrocytoma showed a hazard ratio of 0.5, while glioblastoma showed a hazard ratio of 1.1, increasing to 1.3 with long latency. In the highest cumulative use tertile (>426 hours), glioblastoma hazard ratio was 1.2. The study included 1,251 malignant brain tumor cases diagnosed 1997–2003, followed until May 2012.
Han YY et al. · 2012
Researchers compared 343 vestibular schwannoma patients to 343 matched controls and assessed their exposure to medical radiation and wireless phones. After adjusting for multiple factors, dental x-rays once a year (aOR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.01-5.09) or every 2-5 years (aOR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.20-5.85) were associated with higher vestibular schwannoma risk compared to less frequent exposure. Head or head-and-neck CT radiation exposure was associated with reduced risk (aOR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.30-0.90). No association was found between cell phone or cordless phone use and vestibular schwannoma.
Gultekin DH, Moeller L. · 2012
Researchers described a method for measuring absorbed electromagnetic energy from cell phone antennae into ex vivo brain tissue. The method uses NMR thermometry to measure temperature increases via resonance frequency shifts of hydrogen protons. NMR imaging revealed 3D thermal dynamics in ex vivo bovine brain tissue and gel under varying RF fields. Specific absorption rate measurements averaged over 1 mg and 10 s covered the total absorption volume. Fiber optic temperature sensors confirmed the accuracy of the NMR thermometry.
Celikozlu SD et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed rats to magnetic fields via cell phones during prenatal and postnatal periods until the rats were 80 days old. The study measured blood parameters and neurons in the brain of rats. Magnetic field exposure decreased pyramidal neuron numbers 51.15% and increased ischemic neuron numbers 73% at the cortex region of the brain. In the hippocampus, magnetic fields increased the amount of ischemic neurons three-fold compared to the control, while hippocampal pyramidal cell numbers were not affected.
Carlberg M, Hardell L. · 2012
Researchers conducted two case-control studies on brain tumours diagnosed from 1997 to 2003, including living cases and controls aged 20 to 80 and an additional study on deceased cases. Pooled results showed ipsilateral mobile phone use for more than 10 years gave an odds ratio of 2.9 (95% CI 1.8-4.7) and cordless phone use gave an odds ratio of 3.8 (95% CI 1.8-8.1), and the odds ratio increased significantly with each 100 hours of cumulative wireless phone use and each year of latency. High-grade glioma showed ipsilateral mobile phone OR 3.9 (95% CI 2.3-6.6) and cordless phone OR 5.5 (95% CI 2.3-13); heredity gave OR 3.4 (95% CI 2.1-5.5) with no interaction, and head X-ray gave OR 1.3 (95% CI 1.1-1.7) without interaction.
Vecchio F et al. · 2012
Eyes-closed resting EEG data were recorded in ten patients affected by focal epilepsy in real and sham exposure conditions and compared with 15 age-matched normal subjects from previous reference studies. The GSM device was turned on for 45 minutes in the GSM condition and off for 45 minutes in the sham condition, with the phone always on the left side. Spectral coherence evaluated inter-hemispheric synchronization across delta, theta, and alpha sub-bands. Compared with controls, epileptic patients showed significantly higher inter-hemispheric coherence of temporal and frontal alpha rhythms in the GSM condition versus sham. The authors suggest that GSM electromagnetic fields may affect inter-hemispheric alpha synchronization in epileptic patients.
Vecchio F et al. · 2012
Eleven healthy adults underwent two EEG sessions one week apart in a crossover, placebo-controlled, double-blind paradigm. In each session, participants performed a visual go/no-go task before the real GSM exposure or after the sham condition. During the real GSM session, the temporal cortex was continuously exposed to GSM-EMFs for 45 min. High-frequency alpha rhythm power decrease was reduced and reaction times to go stimuli were faster after GSM exposure compared to before.
Jing J, Yuhua Z, Xiao-qian Y, Rongping J, Dong-mei G, Xi C. · 2012
Thirty-two pregnant rats were divided into four groups, with three groups receiving microwave radiation for 10, 30, or 60 minutes three times daily from the first day of pregnancy for 20 days. In the 30-minute and 60-minute exposure groups, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase decreased while malondialdehyde increased compared with controls. Noradrenaline and dopamine levels increased in the 10-minute exposure group but decreased in the 60-minute exposure group. The authors concluded that prenatal microwave radiation from cellular phones has certain harm on fetal rat brains.
Arendash GW et al. · 2012
The treatment reversed the very advanced brain β-amyloid aggregation/deposition in the transgenic mice. Both transgenic and normal mice showed increased general memory performance in the Y-maze, while brain temperature did not rise during exposure.
Terro F et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed cultured cerebral cortical cells to GSM-900MHz at 0.25W/kg for 24 h using a wire-patch cell. Exposure caused a ~0.5°C temperature rise but did not induce apoptosis. HSC70 increased by 26% and HSP90 decreased slightly (<10%). α-synuclein decreased by 24% without changes in active lysosome localization, indicating independence from CMA. Similar effects were seen when cells were incubated at 37.5°C, suggesting the changes were due to temperature rise.
Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. · 2012
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to 2.45 GHz frequency microwave radiation for 2 h a day for 45 days, with a whole body specific absorption rate estimated to be 0.14 W/kg. Pineal melatonin levels were significantly lower in the exposed group compared with the sham-exposed group. Creatine kinase, caspase 3, and calcium ion concentration were all significantly higher in the whole brain of the exposed animals.
Avci B, Akar A, Bilgici B, Tunçel ÖK · 2012
Researchers divided 66 albino Wistar rats into three groups to study oxidative damage from radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and whether garlic extract could protect against it. After radiofrequency exposure, advanced oxidation protein product levels in brain tissue increased compared with the control group. Garlic administration alongside radiofrequency exposure significantly reduced those protein oxidation levels in brain tissue. No significant differences were found among the groups for malondialdehyde levels in brain tissue and blood, or for serum paraoxonase levels.
Yang XS, He GL, Hao YT, Xiao Y, Chen CH, Zhang GB, Yu ZP. · 2012
Researchers exposed adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field at a specific absorption rate of 6 W/kg, or to sham conditions, then examined gene and protein expression in the hippocampus. Of 2048 candidate genes examined, 23 were upregulated and 18 were downregulated. Two heat shock proteins, HSP27 and HSP70, stood out because their expression levels were increased in the rat hippocampus. The researchers concluded that their data provide direct evidence that exposure to electromagnetic fields elicits a stress response in the rat hippocampus.
Spichtig S, Scholkmann F, Chin L, Lehmann H, Wolf M · 2012
Researchers used near-infrared spectroscopy to assess potential effects of UMTS electromagnetic fields on blood circulation in the auditory region of the human head. Three different exposures (sham, 0.18 W/kg, and 1.8 W/kg) were applied in a controlled, randomized, crossover, and double-blind paradigm on 16 healthy volunteers. During exposure to 0.18 W/kg, a significant short-term increase in oxyhaemoglobin and total haemoglobin was found, described as small compared to a functional brain activation. Medium-term heart rate was significantly higher (+1.84 bpm) at 1.8 W/kg than for sham exposure, while the other parameters showed no significant effects.
Schmid MR et al. · 2012
Twenty-five young healthy men took part in a randomized double-blind crossover design, exposed at weekly intervals to different conditions for 30 minutes before sleep. The conditions were a 2-Hz pulse-modulated radio frequency field, a 2-Hz pulsed magnetic field, and sham. Radio frequency exposure increased electroencephalogram power in the spindle frequency range. Delta and theta activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep, and alpha and delta activity during rapid eye movement sleep, were affected following both exposure conditions. No effect on sleep architecture and no clear impact of exposure on cognition was observed.
Nazıroğlu M et al. · 2012
Researchers divided rats into four groups: a cage control, a sham control, a group exposed to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation, and a group exposed to the same radiation while also receiving melatonin. The radiation-exposed groups received that exposure for 60 minutes per day for 30 days, after which brain cortex and dorsal root ganglion samples and EEG recordings were collected. Lipid peroxidation, cell viability, and cytosolic calcium values in dorsal root ganglion neurons were higher in the radiation-only group than in the control groups. The melatonin-plus-radiation group showed lower EEG spike numbers and higher brain cortex vitamin E concentration compared with the radiation-only group.
Megha K et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed male Fischer-344 rats to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz microwave radiation for 30 days at 2 hours per day to evaluate oxidative stress, cognitive impairment, and inflammation in the brain. Compared with sham-exposed animals, microwave-exposed rats showed significant impairment in cognitive function and oxidative stress in brain tissues. A significant increase in the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha was also observed following microwave exposure.
Maskey D, Kim HJ, Kim HG, Kim MJ. · 2012
Researchers exposed mice to 835 MHz radiofrequency at SAR values of 1.6 W/kg and 4.0 W/kg for one month to study effects in the hippocampus. Compared with a sham control group, both exposed groups showed decreased calbindin D28-k and calretinin, loss of immunoreactive cells, and increased GFAP with hypertrophic cytoplasmic processes. The group exposed at 4.0 W/kg showed a more prominent decrease in calbindin and calretinin, and more prominent GFAP immunoreactivity, than the group exposed at 1.6 W/kg.
Liu YX et al. · 2012
Researchers exposed rat astrocytes and C6 glioma cells to 1950-MHz TD-SCDMA electromagnetic fields for 12, 24, and 48 hours to investigate whether the radiation would alter glial cell biology and act as a tumor-promoting agent. After 48 hours of exposure, mitochondria were damaged and significant apoptosis of astrocytes was induced, with increased expression of bax and a reduced level of bcl-2. Astrocytes did not form tumors in either the control or exposed groups, and exposed C6 glioma cells showed no significant differences in biological features or tumor formation ability compared with unexposed cells.
Li Y, Shi C, Lu G, Xu Q, Liu S. · 2012
Researchers exposed 8-week-old Wistar rats to near-field radiation at 0.52–1.08 W/kg for 2 hours per day for 1 month. Behavioral changes were examined using the Morris water maze, and the irradiated rats exhibited impaired performance compared with the sham-irradiated rats. The morphological changes included mitochondrial degenerations, fewer synapses, and shorter postsynaptic densities in the radiated rats.
Fragopoulou AF et al. · 2012
Researchers investigated the effects of two sources of electromagnetic fields on the proteome of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and frontal lobe in Balb/c mice following long-term whole body irradiation. Across both exposure types, 143 proteins showed significantly altered expression, ranging from as low as 0.003 fold downregulation up to 114 fold overexpression. The altered proteins included neural function related proteins, heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and proteins of brain metabolism across nearly all brain regions studied.
