Kumar S, Nirala JP, Behari J, Paulraj R. · 2014
Researchers aimed to observe the effect of electromagnetic irradiation from a 3G mobile phone on the male rat reproductive system in a simulated scenario. Exposure to EMF in male albino rats was associated with a significant decrease in sperm count, increased lipid peroxidation damage in sperm cells, reduced seminiferous tubules and testicular weight, and DNA damage.
Seckin E et al. · 2014
Pregnant rats and their offspring were exposed to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications radiofrequency radiation for one hour per day during pregnancy and for 21 days after birth. Distortion product otoacoustic emission tests showed no significant difference among the groups. Electron microscopy revealed significant differences in the numbers of normal, apoptotic, and necrotic cells among the groups. The findings indicated cellular structural damage in the cochlea caused by radiofrequency radiation exposure during cochlear development.
Tas M et al. · 2014
The study used 14 adult Wistar Albino rats divided into sham and exposure groups of seven each. Exposed rats received 900 MHz RF radiation from a GSM signal generator for 3 hours per day, 7 days a week, for one year. No differences were found in sperm motility or concentration between groups. Exposed rats had higher rates of morphologically normal sperm but lower tunica albuginea thickness and Johnsen testicular biopsy scores.
Margaritis LH et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed newly emerged flies daily for 3-7 days to various EMF sources including mobile phone, DECT, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and others. All EMF sources produced statistically significant effects on fecundity and apoptotic cell death, even at very low intensity levels such as 0.3 V/m from Bluetooth. The study found no linear cumulative effect when increasing exposure duration or combining sources, and discussed the role of average versus peak electric field values.
Türedi S et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field for one hour per day on days 13 to 21 of pregnancy, then examined the hearts of male rat pups on postnatal day 21. The mean electrical field intensity inside the exposure box was 13.77 V/m. In the exposed group, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase values were significantly higher, while glutathione values were lower. Microscopy revealed irregularities in heart muscle fibers, apoptotic changes, mitochondrial swelling and crista loss, myofibril degeneration, and structural impairments in Z bands.
Razavinasab M, Moazzami K, Shabani M · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900 MHz pulsed-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day during gestation, then tested the offspring using behavioral, histological, and electrophysiological methods. Mobile phone exposure was associated with a decrease in the number of action potentials fired and an increase in the amplitude of afterhyperpolarization in exposed offspring compared with controls. Phone exposure significantly altered learning acquisition and memory retention in both male and female offspring rats compared with control rats. Light microscopy of brain sections showed normal morphology in both control and mobile phone-exposed rats.
Cetin H et al. · 2014
Researchers divided thirty-two rats and their offspring into three groups: a control group, a 900 MHz group, and an 1800 MHz group, with the two exposed groups receiving electromagnetic radiation for 60 minutes per day during pregnancy and neonatal development. Brain and liver glutathione peroxidase activities, as well as liver vitamin A and beta-carotene concentrations, decreased in the exposed groups. Brain iron, vitamin A, and beta-carotene concentrations increased in the exposed groups, and by the sixth week, selenium concentrations in the brain decreased in the exposed groups. There were no statistically significant differences in glutathione, vitamin E, chromium, copper, magnesium, manganese, and zinc concentrations between the three groups.
Tumkaya L, Kalkan Y, Bas O, Yilmaz A. · 2013
Researchers exposed 6 male Sprague Dawley rats to a mobile phone for 1 hour per day for 45 days while 6 control rats remained unexposed. Testes were examined with hematoxylin-eosin, caspase 3, and Ki-67 staining. No differences were found between exposed and control groups in testicular histology (p > 0.05). Interstitial connective tissue and seminiferous tubules appeared normal in exposed rats. The authors concluded that low specific absorption rate mobile phones have no harmful effects on pubertal rat testicles.
Rago R et al. · 2013
The study enrolled healthy men and divided them into four groups based on daily mobile phone use: no use (10 men), less than two hours (16 men), two to four hours (17 men), and more than four hours (20 men). Among the men using phones more than four hours daily, researchers compared 12 who carried the phone in a trousers pocket with 8 who carried it in a shirt pocket. Conventional sperm parameters such as density, total count, morphology, and progressive motility did not differ significantly between groups. However, sperm DNA fragmentation was higher in the group using phones more than four hours per day and in those who carried the phone in a trousers pocket.
Poulletier de Gannes F et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed male and female Wistar rats to a 2450 MHz Wi-Fi signal for 1 hour per day, 6 days per week. Exposure lasted 3 weeks for males and 2 weeks for females before mating, then continued for 3 more weeks during gestation. No deleterious effects on reproductive organs or fertility were observed, and no macroscopic abnormalities were found in fetuses even at 4 W/kg.
Mortazavi SM, Shirazi KR, Mortazavi G · 2013
Researchers interviewed and surveyed one thousand two hundred mothers in Shiraz who were at first-term labor. Data collection included assessment of the mother's history of radiography before and during pregnancy, physical examination of the mother for height and weight, and weighing and examining the newborn for any diagnosis of disease and anomalies. The study found no statistically significant difference in mean birth weight between newborns of mothers exposed to sources such as dental radiography, mobile phones, cordless phones, and cathode ray tube (CRT) and those of non-exposed mothers. The authors state that these findings cast doubt on previous reports linking ionizing radiation exposure during pregnancy to increased risk of low birth weight.
Guxens M et al. · 2013
Researchers assessed the association between maternal cell phone and cordless phone use during pregnancy and teacher-reported and maternal-reported child behaviour problems at age 5. A total of 2618 children were included in the study. Prenatal cell phone use showed an increased but non-significant association with teacher-reported overall behaviour problems, without a dose-response relationship. Cordless phone use showed odds ratios below 1 or close to unity for teacher-reported overall behaviour problems. Associations with maternal-reported overall behaviour problems and specific behaviour problem subscales were non-significant.
Nazıroğlu M, Yüksel M, Köse SA, Özkaya MO · 2013
The aim of the study was to discuss the mechanisms and risk factors of EMR changes on reproductive functions and membrane oxidative biology in females and males. Some studies indicated that EMR induced endometriosis and inflammation and decreased the number of follicles in the ovary or uterus of rats. In male rats, exposure caused degeneration in seminiferous tubules, reduction in Leydig cells and testosterone production, and increases in luteinizing hormone levels and apoptotic cells. The review concluded that oxidative stress from Wi-Fi and mobile phone EMR is a significant mechanism affecting reproductive systems, but no evidence supports increased infertility risk from EMR exposure.
Col-Araz N. · 2013
Preterm birth occurred in 19% of participants and low birth weight in 12.9%. Birth weight correlated positively with maternal age and baseline weight. Mothers with a history of disease during pregnancy had more preterm births and lower birth weight infants. Mobile phone and computer use during pregnancy was associated with more preterm deliveries and shorter pregnancy duration, but not with birth weight.
Al-Ali BM, Patzak J, Fischereder K, Pummer K, Shamloul R. · 2013
Researchers recruited 20 men with erectile dysfunction for at least six months and 10 healthy men without erectile dysfunction. All participants completed the German version of the Sexual Health Inventory for Men and a questionnaire on cell phone usage habits. Men with erectile dysfunction had significantly lower SHIM scores than healthy men (11.2 ±5 vs 24.2 ±2.3). Total time spent talking on the cell phone per week was not significantly higher in Group A over B, 17.6 ±11.1 vs. 12.5 ±7 hours. Men with erectile dysfunction carried their switched-on cell phones for significantly longer daily durations (4.4 ±3.6 vs 1.8 ±1 hours per day).
Liu C et al. · 2013
Ozorak A et al. · 2013
Kidney and testis samples were collected from decapitated rats during the fourth, fifth, and sixth weeks. In the fourth week, lipid peroxidation in kidney and testis and copper, zinc, GSH, GSH-Px, and TAS in kidney decreased, while iron in kidney and vitamin A and vitamin E in testis increased in exposed groups. In the fifth week, iron, vitamin A, and β-carotene in kidney increased, while GSH and TAS decreased in exposed groups. In the sixth week, iron concentrations in kidney and lipid peroxidation in kidney and testis increased, while copper, TAS, and GSH concentrations decreased in exposed groups.
Ozgur E et al. · 2013
Ghanbari M1, Mortazavi SB1, Khavanin A1, Khazaei M2. · 2013
Sperm viability, motility, and total antioxidant capacity decreased significantly in all exposure groups compared to controls. Increasing exposure duration from two to three weeks caused a further significant decrease in sperm viability and motility.
İkinci A et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900 MHz EMF for one hour daily from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy. The study used 3 pregnant rats per group and yielded 13 control and 10 EMF female pups for testing.
Gao X, Luo R, Ma B, Wang H, Liu T, Zhang J, Lian Z, Cui X · 2013
Radiation exposure decreased SOD and GSH-Px activity and increased MDA levels in both pregnant and fetal rats, and caused mitochondrial swelling, edema, and chromatin condensation in fetal brain tissue. Vitamin E supplementation reversed these changes in a dose-dependent manner, with all three doses increasing SOD and GSH-Px in fetal rats, and middle and high doses decreasing MDA in fetal rats and high dose doing so in pregnant rats.
Tsybulin O et al. · 2013
Japanese quail embryos were exposed in ovo to GSM 900 MHz radiation for 38 hours or 158 hours with a 48-second on, 12-second off cycle at an average power density of 0.25 μW/cm(2) and a specific absorption rate of 3 μW/kg. The number of differentiated somites was assessed microscopically and DNA damage was assessed by an alkaline comet assay. After 38 hours the number of differentiated somites increased and DNA strand breaks decreased, while after 158 hours the number of differentiated somites decreased and DNA damage increased.
Luo Q, Jiang Y, Jin M, Xu J, Huang HF. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant volunteers at about 50 days gestation to cell phone EMF at 1.6 to 8.8 W/kg for one hour. They used two-dimensional electrophoresis to examine protein profile changes and found up to 15 spots with significant 2- to 2.5-fold changes compared to sham-exposed group. Twelve proteins were identified, including procollagen-proline, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 delta, and others.
Shahin S et al. · 2013
Twelve-week-old female mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 2 hours per day for 45 days to study effects on implantation and pregnancy. Implantation sites were significantly affected in the microwave-irradiated mice compared to controls. The researchers concluded that low-level microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress suppresses implantation and may also lead to deformity of the embryo if pregnancy continues.
Hancı H et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900-MHz EMF during days 13–21 of pregnancy and examined the testicles of their offspring at postnatal day 21. The offspring of exposed mothers showed irregularities in seminiferous tubule basal membrane and epithelium, immature germ cells in the lumen, and a decreased diameter in seminiferous tubules and thickness of epithelium. Apoptotic index, lipid peroxidation, and DNA oxidation were higher in the offspring of exposed mothers than in controls.
