Cell Phone Radiation Research

What is adverse effect of wireless local area network, using 2.45 GHz, on the reproductive system?

Unknown authors · 2018

Exposure to radiation from single or combined radio frequencies provokes macrophage dysfunction in the RAW 264.7 cell line.

López-Furelos A et al. · 2018

Researchers exposed RAW 264.7 macrophage cells to single or combined radiofrequency signals at 900 and 2450 MHz for 4, 24, 48, or 72 hours in a GTEM chamber. They measured cell viability, nitric oxide production, HSP70 and TNF-α expression, and phagocytic activity. Phagocytic activity declined with longer exposure, while combined exposure raised HSP70 at 48 hours and significantly increased nitric oxide and TNF-α at 72 hours.

Effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the fertility pattern in male mice

Unknown authors · 2018

Mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at a power density of 0.25 mW/cm2 and SAR of 0.09 W/kg for 2 hours per day over 30 days. Exposure significantly increased catalase, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species while decreasing glutathione peroxidase, testosterone, and superoxide dismutase levels. Flow cytometry revealed micronuclei formation in the blood of exposed mice, and histopathological changes were observed in seminiferous tubules.

Effects of 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure on DNA damage and cellular functions in primary cultured neurogenic cells

Unknown authors · 2018

The study exposed primary cultured astrocytes, microglia, and cortical neurons to RF-EMF at a SAR of 4.0 W/kg. DNA damage was assessed using γH2AX foci formation, cytokine secretion by ELISA, microglial phagocytosis by phagocytosis assay, and neuronal development by immunofluorescent staining for specific proteins. RF-EMF exposure did not significantly induce γH2AX foci formation in the three neurogenic cell types. Cytokine secretion in astrocytes and microglia and dendritic or synaptic morphology in cortical neurons were not significantly affected. However, microglial phagocytic activity was significantly reduced and cortical neuron axon branch length and number were significantly inhibited.

Effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the fertility pattern in male mice

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers exposed male mice to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency as WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2 hours daily over 30 days. The exposed mice showed significant damage to their reproductive systems, including reduced testosterone levels, increased oxidative stress in the testes, and structural damage to sperm-producing tissue. The study demonstrates that everyday wireless frequencies can harm male fertility through cellular damage.

Evidence of oxidative stress after continuous exposure to Wi-Fi radiation in rat model.

Kamali K, Taravati A, Sayyadi S, Gharib FZ, Maftoon H. · 2018

Researchers exposed male Wister rats to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation continuously for 10 weeks. Total antioxidant capacity of plasma and activities of CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD decreased significantly in exposed rats. GST activity increased significantly in the exposed group. GSH and TBARS levels did not change significantly after exposure.

1800 MHz radiofrequency fields inhibits testosterone production via CaMKI /RORα pathway

Qin F et al. · 2018

Researchers exposed male mice to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields at 40 μW/cm2 and 0.0553 W/Kg SAR for 2 hours per day over 32 days. The exposure significantly reduced testosterone levels and altered the expression of steroidogenic genes Star, P450scc, P450c17, and 3β-Hsd in testicular tissue. RF exposure also significantly reduced the regulatory protein CaMKI/RORα, and similar effects were observed in cultured primary Leydig cells exposed in vitro. The CaMK inhibitor KN-93 blocked all these observations, and ionomycin reversed the RF-induced down-regulation of intracellular calcium and CaMKI/RORα expression.

Oxidative and mutagenic effects of low intensity GSM 1800 MHz microwave radiation.

Yakymenko I et al. · 2018

Researchers used developing quail embryos to assess the oxidative and mutagenic effects of GSM 1800 MHz microwave radiation from a commercial smartphone. The embryos were exposed in ovo to 0.32 µW/cm2, discontinuously, for 5 days before and 14 days through the incubation period. Exposure resulted in a 2-fold increase in superoxide generation rate, an 85% increase in nitrogen oxide generation rate, and up to twice increased levels of 8-oxo-dG in cells of 1-day old chicks from the exposed embryos. The exposure also resulted in a significant, almost twice, increase of embryo mortality.

Modulatory effect of 900 MHz radiation on biochemical and reproductive parameters in rats

Unknown authors · 2018

Male albino Wistar rats were exposed to 900 MHz radiation for 1 hour per day at a power density of 146.60 µW/cm2 from a mobile phone for 28 days. MDA concentration was increased but TA levels and GST activity were not different in the exposed group compared to controls. Sperm motility was slightly reduced and percentage of abnormal sperm was significantly elevated in the exposed group. Loss of germ cells, particularly spermatocytes and spermatids, was found in the testes of exposed rats, and testes caspase-3 activity was slightly elevated.

Oxidative and mutagenic effects of low intensity GSM 1800 MHz microwave radiation

Yakymenko I et al. · 2018

Researchers exposed quail embryos to low-level GSM 1800 MHz radiation from a commercial smartphone for 19 days during development. The exposure caused significant cellular damage, including doubled rates of harmful molecule production, DNA damage, and nearly doubled embryo death rates. This demonstrates that even weak smartphone radiation can harm developing biological systems.

Oxidative and mutagenic effects of low intensity GSM 1800 MHz microwave radiation

Yakymenko I et al. · 2018

Ukrainian researchers exposed quail embryos to low-power smartphone radiation (GSM 1800 MHz) during development and found dramatic increases in cellular damage. The radiation doubled superoxide production, increased DNA damage by up to 100%, and nearly doubled embryo death rates. This demonstrates that even very low-intensity cell phone radiation can cause significant biological harm during critical developmental periods.

Modulatory effect of 900 MHz radiation on biochemical and reproductive parameters in rats

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers exposed adolescent male rats to 900 MHz cell phone radiation for one hour daily over 28 days and found significant reproductive damage. The radiation increased oxidative stress in blood, reduced sperm motility, increased abnormal sperm by a significant margin, and caused loss of sperm-producing cells in the testes. This study demonstrates that cell phone frequency radiation can harm male fertility even at relatively low exposure levels.

Assessment of exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields from smart utility meters in GB; part II) numerical assessment of induced SAR within the human body.

Qureshi MRA, Alfadhl Y, Chen X, Peyman A, Maslanyj M, Mann S · 2018

Effect of low-level 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the rat sciatic nerve and the protective role of paricalcitol.

Comelekoglu U et al. · 2018

Researchers divided rats into four groups: control, paricalcitol only, RF exposure only, and RF plus paricalcitol. Rats in the RF groups were exposed to 1,800 MHz RF radiation for 1 hour per day for 4 weeks. RF exposure caused significant reduction in nerve signal amplitude, prolonged latency, increased malondialdehyde levels, increased catalase activity, and degeneration of myelinated nerve fibers. Paricalcitol administration partially ameliorated these neuropathic changes.

Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic fields exposure throughout middle/late adolescence on the kidney morphology and biochemistry of the female rat

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers exposed female rats to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field for one hour daily from postnatal day 35 to 59. Control, sham, and EMF groups were established, with sham rats receiving a pseudo-megahertz effect. All animals were euthanized on postnatal day 60 and kidney tissues were analyzed for histopathology and oxidative stress markers. Histopathological analysis showed no pathology in control or sham groups, but the EMF group exhibited hemorrhage in glomeruli, vacuolization and irregularity in tubular epithelium, glomerular degeneration and edema, Bowman capsule degeneration, medullary hemorrhage, disturbed nuclei, and cortical tubular edema. Total oxidant status and oxidative stress index values were significantly lower in both EMF and sham groups compared with controls.

Radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) causes impaired insulin secretion and increased oxidative stress in rat pancreatic islets.

Masoumi A, Karbalaei N, Mortazavi SMJ, Shabani M. · 2018

The Wi-Fi exposure used a frequency of 2.45 GHz. The Wi-Fi exposed group had significantly lower weight gain than controls and developed hyperglycemia. Plasma insulin levels and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islets were significantly reduced, while pancreatic lipid peroxidation increased and GSH, SOD, and GPx activities decreased.

Continuous 900-megahertz electromagnetic field applied in middle and late-adolescence causes qualitative and quantitative changes in the ovarian morphology, tissue and blood biochemistry of the rat

Unknown authors · 2018

Twenty-four 34-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, sham, and EMF exposure groups. The EMF group received 900-MHz electromagnetic field exposure for 1 hour daily from postnatal days 35 to 59. Ovarian tissue in the EMF group showed thinning of granulosa and theca layers, shrunken granulosa cells, reduced mitotic activity, and leukocyte infiltration. Secondary follicle counts were significantly lower in the EMF group than in the control or sham groups. Biochemical analysis found increased oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes in both EMF and sham groups compared to controls, with the EMF group showing the highest total oxidant status and oxidative stress index.

Continuous 900-megahertz electromagnetic field applied in middle and late-adolescence causes qualitative and quantitative changes in the ovarian morphology, tissue and blood biochemistry of the rat

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers exposed adolescent female rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields (the same frequency used by older cell phones) for one hour daily during their reproductive development. The EMF exposure caused significant damage to ovarian tissue, including reduced follicle numbers, cellular shrinkage, and increased oxidative stress markers. This suggests that EMF exposure during critical developmental periods may harm female reproductive health.

Continuous 900-megahertz electromagnetic field applied in middle and late-adolescence causes qualitative and quantitative changes in the ovarian morphology, tissue and blood biochemistry of the rat

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers exposed female rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields (cell phone frequency) for one hour daily during adolescence. The EMF-exposed rats showed significant damage to their ovaries, including fewer secondary follicles, cellular shrinkage, and increased oxidative stress markers. This suggests that cell phone radiation during adolescence may harm female reproductive development.

Continuous 900-megahertz electromagnetic field applied in middle and late-adolescence causes qualitative and quantitative changes in the ovarian morphology, tissue and blood biochemistry of the rat

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers exposed adolescent female rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields (the same frequency as many cell phones) for one hour daily during their teenage development period. The EMF exposure caused significant damage to ovarian tissue structure, reduced the number of secondary follicles, and increased markers of oxidative stress and cellular damage. This suggests that cell phone frequency radiation during adolescence may harm female reproductive development.

Gene expression analysis in human peripheral blood cells after 900 MHz RF-EMF short-term exposure

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers irradiated peripheral blood cells from five donors with a continuous wave of 900 MHz RF-EMF for 0, 30, 60 and 90 min and evaluated gene expression changes with microarray analysis. After false discovery rate adjustment, no EMF-specific gene expression response was detected. Low-stringency analysis identified 483 statistically significant deregulated transcripts, but these were regarded as statistical artefacts due to the absence of a targeted biological response, and qRT-PCR of 14 candidate transcripts showed no correlation with microarray results.

Short-term 2.1 GHz radiofrequency radiation treatment induces significant changes on the auditory evoked potentials in adult rats

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers randomly assigned rats to cage control, sham, or 2.1 GHz RF exposure for 2 hours daily over 7 days and recorded auditory evoked potentials. Peak-to-peak amplitudes of auditory evoked potentials were significantly higher in the RF group than in the sham group. Evoked power, inter-trial phase synchronization, and auditory evoked gamma responses were also significantly higher in the RF group. The RF group showed significantly lower TBARS and 4-HNE levels, while GFAP, nNOS, and iNOS levels did not differ between groups, and no differences were found between cage control and RF groups.

The physiopathological effects of quercetin on oxidative stress in radiation of 4.5 g mobile phone exposed liver tissue of rat

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers divided male Wistar-Albino rats into four groups of eight and exposed one group to 2600 MHz EMF for 30 days. EMF exposure increased sinus dilatation, caspase-3 and TNF-α positive cells, and malondialdehyde levels in liver tissue. Quercetin at 100 mg/kg/day did not prevent the liver damage.

The effect of exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation on epidermal growth factor, caspase-3, Hsp27 and p38MAPK gene expressions in the rat eye

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers exposed female Wistar albino rats to 1800 MHz RF-EMF at 6.8 ± 0.1 V/m and 0.06 W/kg SAR for 2 hours per day for eight weeks, with a sham group kept under similar conditions without exposure. They measured Hsp27, p38MAPK, EGFR, and caspase-3 gene expression using real-time PCR. Caspase-3 and p38MAPK gene expression were significantly upregulated in the ocular tissues of exposed rats.

Short-term 2.1 GHz radiofrequency radiation treatment induces significant changes on the auditory evoked potentials in adult rats

Unknown authors · 2018

Researchers exposed rats to 2.1 GHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to some cell phone frequencies) for 2 hours daily over 7 days, then measured brain responses to sounds. The RF-exposed rats showed significantly stronger auditory brain responses and reduced oxidative damage markers compared to control groups.