School EMF Research

Engineering Considerations of Asynchronous Pacing - Input Signals to Pacemakers in a Hospital Environment

Bryan Parker, Seymour Furman, Doris J. W. Escher

TABLE VI – DEPTH OF PENETRATION AND WAVELENGTH IN TISSUE

Unknown authors

PRECISE MICROWAVE POWER DENSITY CALIBRATION METHOD USING the POWER EQUATION TECHNIQUES

Unknown authors

This technical research developed a precise method for calibrating microwave power density measurements using power equation techniques. The study focused on improving the accuracy of measuring how much microwave energy is delivered to a specific area. Accurate power density measurements are essential for understanding EMF exposure levels and conducting reliable health research.

PRELIMINARY REPORT OF PLANTS AND PROCESSES FOR RADIOFREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE RADIATION

Unknown authors

The Effect of Microwaves (2450 MHz) on the Immune System in Mice. II. Functional Studies

Wieslaw Wiktor-Jedrzejczak et al.

Microwaves induce an increase in the frequency of complement receptor-bearing lymphoid spleen cells in mice

Unknown authors

This mouse study investigated how microwave radiation exposure affects immune system cells in the spleen, specifically looking at lymphoid cells that carry complement receptors. The researchers found that microwave exposure increased the frequency of these immune cells, suggesting that microwave radiation can alter immune system function at the cellular level.

HYPERBARIA AND RADIATION

S. M. Michaelson

This conference paper by researcher S.M. Michaelson examined how microwave radiation affects rodents under hyperbaric (high pressure) conditions. The study investigated whether increased atmospheric pressure changes how animals respond to microwave exposure, particularly regarding thermal regulation and other physiological processes.

CHARACTERISTICS AND MEASUREMENTS OF MICROWAVE AND RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION

Bureau of Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration

Microwaves and RF fields are almost totally reflected from metals, transmitted through plastics, ceramics, paper, or glass, and absorbed by most biological materials, particularly those with high water content. The document explains near-field and far-field regions, noting that the near field dominates when the distance is much smaller than the wavelength and that the far field begins where the ratio of electric to magnetic field approaches 377 ohms. It specifies measurement techniques for frequencies from 1 MHz to 100 GHz and distinguishes emission standards from exposure standards.

ELIMINATION OF MICROWAVE EFFECTS ON THE VITALITY OF NERVES AFTER ACTIVE TRANSPORT HAS BEEN BLOCKED

Unknown authors

Researchers exposed paired frog sciatic nerves treated with ouabain to microwaves at a specific absorption rate of 10 W/kg while stimulating at 50 pulse pairs per second. At 50 ppps, ouabain reduced the half-decay time from about two hours to under 30 minutes, and microwave exposure caused no significant further shortening. At a lower stimulation rate of 5 ppps, half-decay times returned to near two hours and again showed no significant difference between exposed and unexposed nerves. The authors suggested that microwave effects on nerve vitality are associated with decay of ionic gradients normally maintained by active transport.

MICROWAVE EFFECTS ON ENERGY LEVELS OF BRAIN AND MALIGNANT BRAIN TUMOR

Unknown authors

IMMUNOLOGIC AND HEMATOPOIETIC ALTERATIONS BY 2450 MHZ RADIATION

Unknown authors

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF 2450 MHz AND 915 MHz DIATHERMY APPLICATORS WITH PHANTOMS

Unknown authors

Researchers evaluated three BRH applicators and four microwave hyperthermia applicators by thermographically analyzing them using planar phantoms, measuring leakage radiation, net power required to deliver 235 W/kg SAR, and heating patterns. The BRH 2450 MHz applicator had less than 5 mW/cm² leakage for both direct contact and 1 cm spacing, while the 915 MHz applicators exceeded that level when spaced 1 cm from the phantom. The depth of penetration into muscle tissue was nearly identical for both frequencies, at about 2 cm beneath the fat-muscle interface.

Effect of Microwaves on the Rabbit Eye

Leo Birenbaum et al.

Measurements of Materials at Ultrahigh Frequencies

Herman Schwan, Kam Li

Pace Alert - A Microwave Radiation Warning Device For Pacemaker Patients

Unknown authors

The Department of Health, Education and Welfare reported that implanted pacemaker dysfunction has been observed near electrocautery, radar, communications systems, electric shavers, spark coils, and gasoline ignition systems. The Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation stated that interference signals mimicking a heartbeat can be misinterpreted by pacemakers and change their output. Even microwave ovens complying with leakage limits of 0.0001 mW/cm2 at 5cm may cause electromagnetic interference within a few meters.

Low and Medium Power TV Broadcast Antennas

Unknown authors

An examination of gamma globulin, acetylcholinesterase, and chymotrypsin following radio-frequency irradiation

Finch ED, McLees BD

PRECISE MICROWAVE POWER DENSITY CALIBRATION METHOD USING the POWER EQUATION TECHNIQUES

Unknown authors

This technical report describes a method for precisely measuring microwave power density using power equation techniques. The research focuses on calibration methods that ensure accurate measurement of microwave energy levels. Such precise measurement capabilities are essential for determining actual human exposure levels from microwave-emitting devices.

RF Frequency Spectrum Chart

Unknown authors

Microwave Power for Biology and Medicine

Unknown authors

The Model 1326 signal generator covers 350 MHz to 10,475 MHz and provides up to 500 watts continuous wave and 1.8 kW peak pulsed power. Cober supplies microwave power packs from 1 kW to 50 kW at 915 MHz and 2450 MHz ISM bands.

HAZARDS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION TO ORDNANCE

Unknown authors

INVESTIGATION OF BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS IN HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL FIELDS

A. K. Mulatov, R. S. Stepanov, S. D. Kirlian, V. H. Kirlian

Strong pulsating high frequency fields with a small average amount of power may extract electrons from living objects without detrimental effects and are normally safe for living organisms. The magnitude of the autoelectric emission current depends only on the field potential and the electron work function, where the field potential is determined by the dielectric constant and geometry of the object, and the work function depends on physio-chemical causes.

Magnetic field intensity near the transmitter, transmission line and antenna number 2, Long Island

Unknown authors

Table 1 - Electric and Magnetic-Field-Strength Measurement Results

Unknown authors

KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF THE INDUCTION OF AN INCREASE IN COMPLEMENT RECEPTOR POSITIVE (CR+) MOUSE SPLEEN CELLS FOLLOWING A SINGLE EXPOSURE TO 2450 MHz MICROWAVES

Unknown authors

This study investigated how a single exposure to 2450 MHz microwave radiation affects immune cells in mouse spleens, specifically tracking changes in complement receptor positive (CR+) cells. The research examined the timing and biological mechanisms behind these immune system changes. The 2450 MHz frequency is the same used in microwave ovens and some WiFi devices.