Lim HB, Cook GG, Barker AT, Coulton LA. · 2005
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood to 900 MHz fields at specific absorption rates of 0.4, 2.0, and 3.6 W/kg for durations of 20 minutes, 1 hour, and 4 hours. Heat stress at 42 degrees Celsius increased the number of cells expressing HSP70 and HSP27 in a time-dependent manner. No statistically significant difference in stress protein expression was detected after RF-field exposure.
Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N, Cassel JC. · 2005
In a first phase, researchers validated the elevated plus-maze apparatus in male Sprague-Dawley rats. They tested anxiety responses at light intensities of 200, 30, 10, and 2.5 lux and with diazepam doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg. Anxiety responses decreased with decreasing light intensity and were attenuated by diazepam. A separate group of rats was then exposed to 2.45 GHz EMFs with a whole-body SAR of 0.6 W/kg and brain-averaged SAR of 0.9 W/kg for 45 min. EMF exposure did not significantly affect anxiety responses at either low or high ambient light intensity.
Zotti-Martelli L et al. · 2005
Italian researchers exposed human blood lymphocytes to 1800 MHz microwave radiation (cell phone frequency) at various power levels and found statistically significant increases in micronuclei, which are markers of genetic damage. The study revealed wide individual variation in response, with some people's cells showing much more damage than others from the same exposure.
Lai H, Singh NP · 2005
Researchers studied four groups of rats: one exposed to 2450-MHz microwaves at 1 mW/cm2, one to magnetic field noise at 45 mG, one to both simultaneously, and a sham-exposed group. Brain cells of microwave-exposed rats had significantly higher levels of DNA single- and double-strand breaks compared with sham-exposed animals. Noise exposure alone did not significantly affect DNA strand break levels, but simultaneous noise exposure blocked the microwave-induced increases.
Lai H, Singh NP · 2005
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone-frequency microwaves (2450 MHz) for 2 hours and found significant DNA damage in brain cells. However, when they simultaneously exposed the rats to a weak magnetic field with random fluctuations, it completely blocked the DNA damage from occurring. This suggests that certain types of magnetic field exposure might actually protect against some forms of EMF damage.
Shirai T et al. · 2005
A 1.439 GHz TDMA signal was used for exposure of the rat head starting from 5 weeks of age, 90 min a day, 5 days a week, for 104 weeks. Brain tumorigenesis was initiated by an intrauterine exposure to N-ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on gestational day 18. No increase in the incidences or numbers per group of brain and/or spinal cord tumors, either in the males or females, was detected in the EMF exposed groups. There were no inter-group differences in body weights, food consumption, and survival rates.
Unknown authors · 2005
Researchers exposed two clones of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to 50Hz electromagnetic fields and calculated IC(50) values from tamoxifen dose-response curves. The dose-response curves shifted to higher tamoxifen concentrations in an intensity-dependent manner, with a maximal response at 1.2muT. The authors hypothesized that electromagnetic field exposure could contribute to tamoxifen resistance observed in breast cancer after long-term treatment.
Unknown authors · 2005
German researchers exposed breast cancer cells to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) and found that EMF exposure made the cells more resistant to tamoxifen, a common breast cancer drug. The effect was strongest at 1.2 microTesla field strength, suggesting that power-frequency EMF exposure could interfere with cancer treatment effectiveness.
Schmid G, Sauter C, Stepansky R, Lobentanz IS, Zeitlhofer J · 2005
Researchers exposed 58 healthy volunteers to a generic 1.97 GHz UMTS-like signal in a double-blinded crossover design. Each subject completed four clinical visual perception tests under high exposure, low exposure, and sham conditions. High exposure produced an average SAR of 0.63 W/kg (1 g) and 0.37 W/kg (10 g) in the left temporal cortex. No statistically significant differences in visual perception parameters were found between any exposure condition and sham.
Adair ER et al. · 2005
Researchers measured thermoregulatory responses in six adult volunteers during 45-minute whole-body exposures to 220 MHz radio frequency energy at three power densities and three ambient temperatures. Esophageal temperature showed small changes of no more than 0.35 °C and never exceeded 37.3 °C under any test condition. Vigorous sweating occurred at PD = 12 and 15 mW/cm(2), with sweating levels higher than those observed for equivalent PD at 100 MHz. The researchers concluded that exposed subjects thermoregulate efficiently through increased heat loss responses, particularly sweating.
Ebert S et al. · 2005
This study determined the thermal regulatory and thermal breakdown thresholds for in-tube restrained B6C3F1 and NMRI mice exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 905 MHz. The thermal regulatory threshold of the restrained mice was found at SAR levels between 2 W kg(-1) and 5 W kg(-1). The breakdown of regulation was determined at 10.1 +/- 4.0 W kg(-1) for B6C3F1 mice and 7.7 +/- 1.6 W kg(-1) for NMRI mice. NMRI mice were more sensitive to thermal stress and responded at lower SAR values with regulation and breakdown.
Trigano A, Blandeau O, Dale C, Wong MF, Wiart J. · 2005
Researchers performed 330 consecutive tests in 158 patients during routine pacemaker follow-up examinations. Two cellular phone systems were tested: GSM at a maximal power output of 2 W on a 900 MHz carrier frequency, and PCS at a maximal output of 1 W on a 1800 MHz carrier frequency. Interference was noted in only 5 tests, all involving unprotected pacemaker models, and the overall incidence of interference was 1.5% of tests.
Galloni P et al. · 2005
Researchers evaluated possible effects of cellular phone-like electromagnetic fields on the functionality of the rat cochlea. Distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitude was used as an indicator of outer hair cell status, and multiple exposure protocols with varying frequencies, intensities, and durations were tested before, during, and after exposure. No significant variation due to microwave exposure was evidenced.
Janssen T, Boege P, von Mikusch-Buchberg J, Raczek J. · 2005
Researchers investigated potential effects of electromagnetic fields from GSM cellular phones on outer hair cells by measuring distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in 28 normally hearing subjects. No significant change in DPOAE level was found in response to EMF exposure. After compensating for undesired side effects, an extremely small exposure-correlated change of less than 1 dB was observed in some subjects, which the researchers suggested was physiologically irrelevant given the very large dynamic range of hearing in humans.
Unknown authors · 2005
Residential exposure was calculated as time-weighted average magnetic fields from power lines from 1967 to diagnosis, while occupational exposure was assessed via job titles classified by hours per week above 0.1 μT from 1955 to diagnosis. The two highest residential exposure categories showed elevated odds ratios for all brain tumours (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 0.9–2.7 and OR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.7–2.3), but the risk was not statistically significant and no clear exposure-response pattern emerged. Occupational exposure showed no association with brain tumours for any site, and the occupational exposure groups showed an inverse association.
Finnie JW. · 2005
Researchers exposed mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields using a purpose-designed exposure system, giving each animal a single, far-field, whole body exposure at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg. The study measured activation of the immediate early gene c-fos in mouse brain tissue after this acute exposure. Activation of c-fos in exposed and sham-exposed brains was comparable, but was greatly increased compared with freely moving controls. The results suggest that the majority of the acute genomic response detected by c-fos expression was due to immobilisation.
Gorlitz BD et al. · 2005
Görlitz B-D et al. · 2005
German researchers exposed mice to GSM and DCS cell phone radiation for 1-6 weeks to test whether it causes genetic damage (micronuclei formation) in blood cells, bone marrow, skin cells, and immune cells. They found no increase in genetic damage at any exposure level tested, including levels much higher than typical cell phone use.
Komatsubara Y et al. · 2005
Researchers exposed murine m5S cells to 2.45 GHz high-frequency electromagnetic fields for 2 hours at SARs of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 W/kg continuous wave and at a mean SAR of 100 W/kg pulse wave with a maximum of 900 W/kg. The effects were compared with sham-exposed controls and with mitomycin C and X-ray treatments as positive controls. No significant differences in chromosomal aberrations were observed between HFEMF-exposed cells and sham controls, while positive controls increased chromatid-type and chromosome-type aberrations.
Yariktas M et al. · 2005
Unknown authors · 2005
Researchers exposed 24 male Wistar rats to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields at 100-300 microT for 4 hours daily over one month. Skin and thyroid samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and stereology with markers for serotonin, substance P, CGRP, PGP 9.5, and NPY. Exposed rats had significantly more serotonin-positive mast cells in skin and NPY-containing nerve fibers in thyroid compared to controls.
Unknown authors · 2005
Researchers investigated whether acute magnetic-field exposure could elicit DNA damage in brain cells from adult rats, adult mice, and immature mice. Rodents were exposed to a 60 Hz magnetic field at 0, 0.1, 1, or 2 mT for 2 h and brain cells were analyzed at 0, 2, and 4 h after exposure using the alkaline comet assay. No significant increase in DNA damage was detected at any magnetic-field strength or time point.
Galloni P et al. · 2005
Researchers divided 48 Sprague-Dawley rats into exposed and sham-exposed groups. The rats were exposed 2 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks at a local SAR of 2 W/kg in the ear. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions tests were carried out before, during, and after the exposure. The analysis showed no statistically significant differences in audiological signals between the different groups.
Martinez-Burdalo M, Martin A, Anguiano M, Villar R · 2005
Researchers analyzed safety assessment procedures for human exposure near cellular base-station antennas at 900, 1800, and 2170 MHz. They compared distances where electromagnetic fields were below reference levels with distances where specific absorption rate (SAR) values in an exposed person were below basic restrictions according to European guidelines. A high-resolution human body model was placed in front of each antenna at different distances to compute whole-body averaged SAR and maximum 10 g averaged SAR. The finite-difference time-domain method was used for both electromagnetic field and SAR calculations.
Bachmann M, Kalda J, Lass J, Tuulik V, Säkki M, Hinrikus H. · 2005
Researchers exposed 23 healthy volunteers to a 450 MHz microwave field with 7 Hz frequency on-off modulation, with a field power density of 0.16 mW cm(-2) at the scalp. The study compared traditional spectral analysis and a new non-linear method called analysis of the length distribution of low-variability periods to detect EEG changes from microwave exposure. The non-linear method detected a significant effect in six exposed subjects, while spectral analysis found a significant result for only one subject.
