Smart Meter Radiation Research

Electromagnetic field of mobile phones affects visual event related potential in patients with narcolepsy.

Jech R et al. · 2001

Local vasodilator response to mobile phones.

Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Hanazawa T, Barnes PJ · 2001

Researchers exposed eleven healthy adults to a 900 MHz mobile phone for 30 minutes and measured skin temperature, nasal nitric oxide, and nasal minimal cross-sectional area. On the side of the phone, skin temperature rose significantly by 2.3°C at 6 minutes, nasal nitric oxide tended to increase by 12.9% at 10 minutes, and minimal cross-sectional area decreased by 27% at 15 minutes. These changes were absent when an earpiece was used, and the opposite side showed no temperature or nitric oxide change but a 38% increase in minimal cross-sectional area.

Local vasodilator response to mobile phones.

Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Hanazawa T, Barnes PJ. · 2001

Researchers measured biological changes in 11 healthy adults during 30-minute cell phone calls using 900 MHz phones. They found significant increases in skin temperature (up to 2.3°C), reduced nasal airway space (27% decrease), and elevated nitric oxide levels on the side of the head where the phone was held. These effects disappeared when participants used earpieces instead of holding phones directly against their heads.

Effect of immobilization and concurrent exposure to a pulse-modulated microwave field on core body temperature, plasma ACTH and corticosteroid, and brain ornithine decarboxylase, Fos and Jun mRNA.

Stagg RB et al. · 2001

Researchers exposed tube-restrained Fischer 344 rats to pulse-modulated 1.6 GHz Iridium cell phone fields at brain SARs of 0.16, 1.6 and 5 W/ kg for 2 hours. Core body temperature increased transiently by about 0.3 degrees C during the first 30 minutes of loose-tube restraint in conditioned animals. Immobilization alone caused a nearly 10-fold rise in ACTH and corticosterone in conditioned rats, and non-conditioned rats showed 3-10-fold higher hormone levels at 120 minutes. RF exposure did not change core body temperature, corticosterone, ACTH, or brain Odc, Fos, Jun mRNA compared with sham-exposed immobilized animals. The authors concluded that the pulse-modulated digital Iridium RF field at SARs up to 5 W/kg is incapable of altering these stress-related responses.

Repeated exposure of C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses: Lack of effects on mammary tumors.

Jauchem JR, Frei MR, Dusch SJ, Lehnert HM, Kovatch RM · 2001

Researchers exposed 100 C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses for 2 minutes once a week for 12 weeks, using 100 sham-control mice for comparison. There were no significant differences between groups in incidence of palpated mammary tumors, latency to tumor onset, rate of tumor growth, or animal survival. Histopathological evaluations also revealed no significant differences between the two groups in numbers of neoplasms across all tissues studied.

Effects of mobile phone type signals on calcium levels within human leukaemic T-cells (Jurkat cells).

Cranfield CG, Wood AW, Anderson V, Menezes KG. · 2001

Researchers tested whether simulated GSM mobile phone signals at 915 MHz and 2 W kg(-1) influence calcium concentration or calcium signalling patterns in a human lymphocyte cell line. No significant changes were found in the regression slope of calcium fluorescence, mean calcium concentration, number of calcium spikes, or mean height of those spikes. A significant alteration in average frequency from Fourier spectra was found in one category only: pulsed wave exposure of activated cells.

Effect of centimeter microwaves and the combined magnetic field on the tumor necrosis factor production in cells of mice with experimental tumors

Novoselova EG, Ogai VB, Sorokina OV, Novikov VV, Fesenko EE · 2001

Researchers studied the effect of fractionated low-intensity microwave exposure and a combined weak magnetic field on tumor necrosis factor production in macrophages of mice with experimental solid tumors. Exposure to both microwaves and magnetic field enhanced the adaptive response, with higher tumor necrosis factor production in peritoneal macrophages of exposed tumor-bearing mice compared to unexposed mice.

Tight junctional changes upon microwave and x-ray irradiation.

Palfia Z, Somosy Z, Rez G · 2001

Researchers evaluated murine jejunal epithelial tight junctions after whole-body X-ray and microwave exposure using freeze fracture replicas. X-ray treatment at 4 Gy caused partial dearrangement of the ZO strand network that only partially regenerated by 24 hours. Microwave treatment at 16 Hz-modulated 2.45 GHz and 1 mW/cm2 for 1 hour did not cause dearrangement but increased integration of the tight junctional structure. The microwave effect agreed with an increase in cytochemically detectable ZO-bound calcium.

Leukemia mortality and incidence of infantile leukemia near the Vatican Radio Station of Rome

Unknown authors · 2001

Researchers evaluated leukemia mortality among adults and childhood leukemia incidence in a 10 km area around the Vatican Radio Station in Rome. The station transmitted up to 600 kW and electric field measurements near it ranged from 1.5 to 25 V/m. Childhood leukemia incidence was higher than expected within 6 km (SIR = 217; 95% CI 99-405), and Stone's test showed a significant decrease in risk with distance for male adult mortality (p = 0.03) and childhood incidence (p = 0.04).

Effect of low intensity pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation on activity of alkaline phosphatase in blood serum

Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG · 2001

Researchers exposed samples to pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation at 2375 MHz with intensities of 0.8, 8.0, and 40.0 microW/cm2, modulation range 30-310 Hz, for 1-3 minutes. They observed a change in alkaline phosphotase activity in vitro.

Effect of low-intensity pulse-modulated microwave on human blood aspartate aminotransferase activity

Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG · 2001

Researchers exposed donor blood to pulse-modulated microwaves at 2375 MHz with intensities of 2 microW/cm2 and 8 microW/cm2, pulse modulation from 50 to 390 Hz, for 5 minutes. Aspartate aminotransferase activity was strongly dependent on both modulation frequency and microwave intensity. Maximum activity was found at 390 Hz and 8 microW/cm2, reaching about six times the control level.

[In vitro and in vivo study of electromagnetic compatibility of cellular phones and pacemakers]

Geller L, Thuroczy G, Merkely B. · 2001

Researchers examined electromagnetic compatibility of cellular phones and pacemakers in four phone systems and fifteen pacemaker types, both in vitro and in vivo in humans. They performed more than 1100 in-vitro and 130 in-vivo tests. No electromagnetic compatibility disturbance was observed with GSM and DCS 1800 MHz phones, while the highest problem rate occurred with NMT 450 MHz phones at 10.5% to 63%.

Exposure to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking affects human sleep EEG.

Huber R et al. · 2000

Researchers exposed healthy young male subjects for 30 minutes to EMF at 900 MHz and a spatial peak specific absorption rate of 1 W/kg during the waking period before sleep. Compared with a sham exposure control condition, EEG spectral power during non-rapid eye movement sleep was increased, with the maximum rise in the 9.75-11.25 Hz and 12.5-13.25 Hz bands during the initial part of sleep. The researchers concluded that the changes of brain function induced by pulsed high-frequency EMF outlast the exposure period.

Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans.

Koivisto et al. · 2000

The study examined possible influences of a 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on cognitive functioning in 48 healthy humans. A battery of 12 reaction time tasks was performed twice by each participant in a counterbalanced order, once with and once without exposure to the field. Exposure speeded up response times in simple reaction time and vigilance tasks and decreased the cognitive time needed in a mental arithmetic task. The results suggest that exposure may have a facilitatory effect on brain functioning, especially in tasks requiring attention and manipulation of information in working memory.

Effects of electromagnetic field emitted by cellular phones on the EEG during a memory task.

Krause CM et al. · 2000

Researchers studied the effects of cellular phone EMF on EEG frequency bands in 16 normal subjects performing an auditory memory task. All subjects completed the memory task with and without exposure to a digital 902 MHz EMF in counterbalanced order. EMF exposure significantly increased EEG power in the 8-10 Hz frequency band only. EMF presence altered ERD/ERS responses across all studied frequency bands depending on time and memory task phase.

Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phones on the electroencephalogram during a visual working memory task.

Krause CM et al. · 2000

Researchers examined the effects of electromagnetic fields from cellular phones on event-related desynchronization and synchronization responses in four EEG frequency bands during cognitive processing. Twenty-four subjects performed a visual sequential letter task with three working memory load conditions both with and without exposure to a digital 902 MHz EMF in counterbalanced order. The presence of EMF altered the ERD/ERS responses in the 6-8 and 8-10 Hz frequency bands but only when examined as a function of memory load and depending on whether the stimulus was a target.

Human brain activity during exposure to radiofrequency fields emitted by cellular phones.

Hietanen M, Kovala T, Hamalainen AM · 2000

Researchers analyzed EEG activity of 19 volunteers exposed to five different cellular phones operating at 900 MHz or 1800 MHz. Each subject completed six 30-minute experiments including one sham exposure, with real exposure lasting 20 minutes. Exposure to one phone caused a statistically significant change in absolute delta power, but relative delta power did not change and no effects were seen with other phones. The authors concluded that the observed difference was likely due to chance and that radiofrequency fields from cellular phones have no abnormal effects on EEG activity.

Electromagnetic fields (1.8 GHz) increase the permeability to sucrose of the blood-brain barrier in vitro.

Schirmacher A et al. · 2000

Low-level exposure to pulsed 900 MHz microwave radiation does not cause deficits in the performance of a spatial learning task in mice.

Sienkiewicz ZJ et al. · 2000

Biological and morphological effects on the brain after exposure of rats to a 1439 MHz TDMA field.

Tsurita G, Nagawa H, Ueno S, Watanabe S, Taki M, · 2000

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a 1439 MHz TDMA field. Exposure lasted one hour a day for two or four weeks. The study assessed blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebellar morphology, and body mass.

Human sleep EEG under the influence of pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields. results from polysomnographies using submaximal high power flux densities.

Wagner P et al. · 2000

Researchers aimed to investigate human sleep EEG under pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields using polysomnographies with submaximal high power flux densities. They applied a submaximal power flux density of 50 W/m(2). All-night polysomnographies were recorded from 20 healthy male subjects with and without exposure to a circularly polarized EMF at 900 MHz pulsed at 217 Hz with 577 microsecond pulse duration. The results showed no significant effect of the field application on conventional sleep parameters or sleep EEG power spectra.

Cellular phone electromagnetic field effects on bioelectric activity of human brain.

Lebedeva NN et al. · 2000

EEG was recorded from 16 standard leads during eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions and analyzed with custom non-linear dynamics software that computed a multichannel global correlation dimension. A significant increase in global correlation dimension occurred during and after exposure, more pronounced with eyes closed. The authors interpreted this increase as a manifestation of cortex activation under phone EMF exposure.

We aimed to explore the association of environmental radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) exposure with neurobehavioral function of children

Unknown authors · 2000

Prenatal exposure to 900 MHz, cell-phone electromagnetic fields had no effect on operant-behavior performances of adult rats.

Bornhausen M, Scheingraber H · 2000

No mutagenic or recombinogenic effects of mobile phone fields at 900 MHz detected in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Gos P, Eicher B, Kohli J, Heyer WD · 2000

Researchers exposed actively growing and resting yeast cells to 900 MHz fields at specific absorption rates of 0.13 and 1.3 W/kg. Assays measured forward mutation rates at CAN1, petite clone formation, intrachromosomal deletion formation, and intragenic recombination in the ADE2 gene. Fields were also tested in combination with the alkylating agent methyl methansulfonate to assess whether they could enhance genotoxic damage. Fluctuation tests failed to detect any significant effect on any of these measures, in the absence or presence of methyl methansulfonate.