Stephen F. Cleary
Table I summarizes reported in vivo effects in humans including hyperthermia, cataracts, auditory nerve responses, and neurological effects. Reported effects in experimental animals include mutations, hyperthermia, burns, testicular effects, and chromosomal aberrations. In vitro effects listed include mitotic arrest, resonance absorption in methyl palmitate, pearl-chain formation, and enzyme inactivation.
Unknown authors
Unknown authors
The liposomes undergo thermally induced phase transitions between 30 °C and 40 °C. Samples were exposed to continuous-wave 2.4 GHz microwave radiation at power levels up to 25 mW/cm² while held at 36 °C. An increase in bilayer fluidity appeared above a threshold of 10–15 mW/cm², and at ~20 mW/cm² the fluidity change matched a ~3 °C temperature shift while bulk temperature rose only ~1 °C. The authors concluded a steady-state temperature difference exists between the bilayer interior and the surrounding aqueous medium under these exposure conditions.
W.D. Travers, R.J. Vetter
Researchers randomly assigned pregnant rats to six groups and exposed them daily for 15 days to 0, 5, or 25 mW/cm² of 2450 MHz microwave radiation for 10 or 20 minutes. Blood samples were taken before exposure on day 5 and on days 10, 15, and 20 of pregnancy to measure serum iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity, and total iron binding capacity. Total iron binding capacity increased with higher power densities, and significant differences were found between power densities, sampling days, and exposure durations. Rats exposed to 25 mW/cm² for 20 minutes showed a statistically significant increase in total iron binding capacity, while control and low-exposure groups initially dropped.
Unknown authors
Colicin production was enhanced only at 5.8 mm (51.7 GHz) at 25°C and 37°C, doubling after 60 minutes at 37°C and 0.5 mW/cm². Plaques observed ranged from .2 to .8 mm in diameter, and small amounts of colicin were also produced in unirradiated colonies.
Unknown authors
Researchers exposed E. coli C-600 with a tonA defect to 1.07 GHz capacitor-fed fields in Brain Heart Infusion medium. At 42°C the bacteria became susceptible to phage T5 infection, showing nearly complete lysis and virus production when phage was added immediately after exposure. Field exposure of bacteriophage T5 suspended in BHI resulted in 80% inactivation in 2 minutes at 37°C, while the phage is normally stable to temperatures in excess of 480°C. E. coli was more easily inactivated by RF fields than by temperature alone, as 90 minutes at 48°C produced only a minimal reduction in viability.
Victor T. Tomberg
Tomberg, V.
The study investigated the influence of short electrical waves on living organisms at wavelengths less than 8 meters. The principal effect in both magnetic or electric fields was Joule's heat.
Р. В. Братковский
Brilliant successes in radio engineering revealed ultra-high frequency electric fields as new acting biological factors. The effect of this field on biological structures began relatively recently. However, the accumulated experimental and clinical material proved extensive, diverse, though fragmented.
Joseph M. Lary, David L. Conover, William E. Murray
The authors reviewed and critically evaluated the radiofrequency biological effects literature through 1982. The review indicated that there appears to be a threshold for adverse biological effects in animals at a specific absorption rate of about 2 W/kg. At SARs between 1.8 and 4.5 W/kg, adverse effects included death, temperature increases exceeding 3%, hemorrhagic lesions, staggering and spasms in chicks, and extreme agitation in dogs. At SARs below 1.8 W/kg no clearly adverse effects were reported, but measurable temperature increases and physiological changes occurred in the 0.17 to 1.8 W/kg range. At SARs below 0.17 W/kg no temperature increases were reported and most effects involved calcium efflux or blood-brain barrier permeability.
Unknown authors
The study used BALB/c mice and the chemical carcinogens 3,4-benzopyrene applied to skin and diethylnitrosamine injected intraperitoneally. Both carcinogens led to neoplasms with immunosuppression in the final stage of tumor growth. Exposure at 20 mW/cm2 caused earlier immunosuppression and earlier tumor appearance, while 5 mW/cm2 produced only slight insignificant differences.
Unknown authors
Unknown authors
Researchers exposed 20 time-bred rats to 100-MHz RF at 500 W forward power (50 mW/cm²) starting on day 6 of pregnancy for 4 hours per day, 7 days per week. The mean specific absorption rate for rats was 2.8 mW/g. No differences were found in growth, neurological development, locomotor activity, hematology, immune function, or mutagenicity between exposed and sham-exposed rats. However, significant changes in regional brain acetylcholinesterase activities were observed in chronically exposed rats.
Unknown authors
Unknown authors
Researchers irradiated freshly prepared rat liver mitochondria at 8.58 mm (35 GHz) and at 40 discrete wavelengths between 5.00 and 6.00 mm (60 to 50 GHz) to evaluate effects on oxidative phosphorylation. The study found no significant effect of millimeter wave irradiation on oxidative phosphorylation.
H. Lai, A. Horita, A.W. Guy
Researchers exposed rats to continuous-wave or pulsed 2450-MHz microwaves at 0.6 W/kg for 45 minutes in waveguides or anechoic chambers. Frontal cortical choline uptake decreased under all irradiation conditions. Hippocampal choline uptake decreased in animals exposed to pulsed microwaves. Striatal choline uptake decreased after exposure in the miniature anechoic chamber. Hypothalamic choline uptake was not significantly affected.
R. JOLY, B. SERVANTIE
P. E. Братковский
Р. Е. Батковский
They report that advances in radio engineering have uncovered new biological uses for ultra-high frequency electric fields. They also state that the effects of UHF electric fields on living organisms appear very diverse according to recent experiments and clinical data.
Unknown authors
