Andrianome S et al. · 2017
Researchers compared autonomic nervous system activity in 30 self-declared electrohypersensitive participants and 25 matched controls using heart rate variability and skin conductance. The electrohypersensitive group showed more skin conductance responses to auditory stimuli, while short-term heart rate variability did not differ between groups. In a double-blind, counterbalanced session, 10 electrohypersensitive volunteers were exposed to GSM 900, GSM 1800, DECT, and Wi-Fi at 1 V/m. No changes in heart rate variability or skin conductance were observed during or after exposure.
Malek F, Rani KA, Rahim HA, Omar MH · 2015
The study aimed to determine whether short-term exposure at 1 V/m to typical GSM and UMTS signals affects cognitive performance and physiological parameters. The sample included 200 subjects, with 50.0% reporting idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF) and 50.0% non-IEI-EMF. No statistically significant differences were found between real exposure and sham exposure for cognitive performance or physiological effects in either group (P’s > 0.05).
Pelletier A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed young rats to cell phone-frequency radiation (900 MHz) for five weeks and found the animals developed altered sleep patterns and temperature preferences. The exposed rats slept 15.5% longer, preferred warmer environments, and had cooler tail temperatures, suggesting the radiation disrupted their normal body temperature regulation. This provides biological evidence that radiofrequency exposure can interfere with fundamental physiological processes like sleep and thermoregulation.
Koprivica M, Neskovic N, Neskovic A, Paunovic G. · 2014
Researchers carried out electromagnetic field strength measurements at 664 base station locations to determine the level of radio-frequency radiation generated by base stations. Locations were classified into three categories: indoor, masts, and locations with installations on buildings. The total electric field strength near base station antenna masts never exceeded 10 V m−1, which is below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection reference levels. At horizontal distances greater than 50 m from the mast bottom, the median and maximum values were below 1 and 2 V m−1, respectively.
Pelletier A et al. · 2014
Researchers recorded thermal preference and sleep in 18 young male Wistar rats, with nine exposed to a low-intensity RF-EMF at 900 MHz and nine serving as non-exposed controls. During the light period, exposed rats preferred to sleep at an air temperature of 31°C while controls preferred 28°C. During the dark period, no significant differences between groups were found.
Pelletier A et al. · 2013
Researchers examined the effects of chronic RF-EMF exposure (900 MHz, 1 V m(-1)) on the main functions involved in body energy homeostasis, including feeding behaviour, sleep, and thermoregulatory processes. Thirteen juvenile male Wistar rats were exposed to continuous RF-EMF for 5 weeks and compared with 11 non-exposed animals. The frequency of rapid eye movement sleep episodes was greater in the exposed group independently of ambient temperature, with increases of 42.1% at 24 °C and 31.6% at 31 °C. Exposure also increased daytime food intake, and the researchers concluded that RF-EMF exposure can induce energy-saving processes without strongly disturbing the overall sleep pattern.
Cammaerts MC, Rachidi Z, Bellens F, De Doncker P · 2013
Researchers used the ant species Myrmica sabuleti to study how electromagnetic waves affect the insects' responses to pheromones and food collection. Workers' responses to trail, area-marking, and alarm pheromones were measured under normal conditions and then again while under the influence of electromagnetic waves. Under exposure, ants followed trails for only short distances, no longer arrived at marked areas, and no longer orientated themselves to a source of alarm pheromone. The number of ants collecting food increased only slightly and slowly, and after 180 hours of exposure their colonies deteriorated.
Pelletier A et al. · 2013
French researchers exposed young rats to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for five weeks and found disrupted sleep patterns, increased daytime eating, and impaired blood vessel function affecting temperature control. These changes suggest chronic RF exposure interferes with basic biological processes controlling energy use.
Cammaerts MC et al. · 2012
Researchers studied how GSM 900 MHz radiation affected the ability of the ant Myrmica sabuleti to associate food sites with olfactory and visual cues. During exposure, no association between food and either olfactory or visual cues occurred. After a recovery period, the ants could form associations again but never reached the expected score. Ants that had partially recovered and were exposed again lost all that they had memorized within a few hours, and kept no visual memory at all.
Regel SJ et al. · 2006
Researchers performed a controlled exposure experiment with 45-minute sessions at 0, 1, or 10 V/m in a randomized, double-blind crossover design with 117 healthy subjects including 33 self-reported sensitive and 84 nonsensitive subjects. In both groups, well-being and perceived field strength were not associated with actual exposure levels, and no consistent condition-induced changes in cognitive performance were observed except for two marginal effects. At 10 V/m a slight effect on speed in one of six tasks in sensitive subjects and an effect on accuracy in another task in nonsensitive subjects were observed, but both effects disappeared after multiple endpoint adjustment.
Haider T, Knasmueller S, Kundi M, Haider M · 1994
Researchers used the Tradescantia-micronucleus bioassay to test whether short-wave electromagnetic fields used for broadcasting (10–21 MHz) may show genotoxic effects. Plant cuttings bearing young flower buds were exposed for 30 hours at various distances from broadcasting antennas, and micronucleus frequencies were compared to laboratory controls. Higher micronucleus frequencies were found at all exposure sites near the antennas where IRPA electric field strength standards were exceeded, and results at all but one site were statistically significant.
John R. Frazier, Thomas R. Ohlhaber, Paul S. Ruggera · 1978
L. M. Libber · 1970
Pérez-Castejón C et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed human astrocytoma cells (Clonetics line 1321N1) to a 9.6 GHz carrier wave amplitude-modulated by extremely low frequency pulses in a GTEM cell. The exposure parameters included pulse widths of 100-120 ns, pulse repetition frequencies of 100-800 Hz, power of 0.34-0.60 mW, electric field strength of 1.25-1.64 V/m, and a SAR of 4.0 x 10-4 W/Kg. Cells were exposed for 15, 30, 60 minutes, and 24 hours using a double-blind method with sham controls. Cytoskeleton proteins, cell morphology, and viability were unchanged, but cell proliferation rate increased significantly after 24 hours of exposure. Hsp-70 and Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins were present in both control and exposed samples, while connexin 43 protein expression increased in exposed samples.
Aerts S et al. · 2013
Researchers proposed a methodology to create heat maps that accurately pinpoint outdoor locations with elevated RF-EMF exposure in an urban region. The method was tested in an urban subarea of Ghent, Belgium with a size of approximately 1 km², using 600 input and 50 validation measurements performed with a broadband probe. Five hotspots were found, with maximum total electric-field strengths ranging from 1.3 to 3.1 V/m, satisfying international reference levels for general public exposure. Radiofrequency radiation from 900 MHz GSM base stations was always dominant, with contributions ranging from 45% to 100%.
Boscol P et al. · 2001
The study investigated the immune systems of 19 women with a mean age of 35 years who had been exposed to electromagnetic fields from radiotelevision broadcasting stations in their residential area for at least 2 years, with a mean exposure duration of 13 years. The exposed group had mean field levels of 4.3 plus or minus 1.4 V/m in the range 500 KHz to 3 GHz, while the control group had nearby residential exposure of less than 1.8 V/m. The exposed women showed statistically significant reductions in several immune cell types and lower in vitro production of IL-2 and interferon-gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The researchers concluded that high frequency electromagnetic fields reduce cytotoxic activity in the peripheral blood of women without a dose-response effect.
Cammaerts M-C, Vandenbosch GAE, Volski V · 2014
Researchers exposed two nests of the ant Myrmica sabuleti to GSM radiation at 1.5 V/m, the legally allowed level in Brussels, for 10 minutes before observing their behavior. After exposure, the ants' locomotion slightly changed, their orientation toward their alarm pheromone became of lower quality, and their trail following behavior was less efficient.
Cammaerts M-C, Vandenbosch GAE, Volski V. · 2014
Researchers exposed ant colonies to cell phone radiation at levels legally permitted in Brussels (1.5 V/m) for just 10 minutes and observed significant changes in their behavior. The ants showed reduced ability to follow scent trails, decreased orientation toward alarm signals, and altered movement patterns. This matters because ants use similar biological processes to humans for navigation and communication, suggesting that common environmental EMF levels may affect basic biological functions.
Monselise EB, Levkovitz A, Gottlieb HE, Kost D. · 2011
Researchers exposed duckweed plants to radio waves from AM antennas for 24 hours. The plants produced alanine, a chemical stress marker, with stronger radiation creating more stress. Vitamin C prevented this damage, suggesting the radiation creates harmful free radicals that stress living cells.
Monselise EB, Levkovitz A, Gottlieb HE, Kost D · 2011
Researchers exposed water plants (etiolated duckweed) for 24 hours to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields ranging between 1.8 V m(-1) and 7.8 V m(-1), generated by AM 1.287 MHz transmitting antennas. The exposure resulted in alanine accumulation in the plant cells, which the researchers describe as a universal stress signal. The magnitude of the effect corresponds qualitatively to the level of RF-EMF exposure. When vitamin C at 10 mM was present, alanine accumulation was completely suppressed, suggesting the involvement of free radicals in the process.
Balmori A. · 2010
Researchers exposed eggs and tadpoles of the common frog (Rana temporaria) to electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone antennae located 140 meters away for two months, from the egg phase until an advanced tadpole phase. The exposed group of 70 tadpoles showed low coordination of movements, asynchronous growth, and 90% mortality. A control group of 70 tadpoles kept under the same conditions inside a Faraday cage showed normal movement coordination, synchronous development, and only 4.2% mortality. The researchers concluded that radiation from phone masts in a real situation may affect development and may cause an increase in mortality of exposed tadpoles.
Rutger Wever
Wartenberg M et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed UM-SCC-14-C oral mucosa cancer cells to direct current electrical fields with strengths between 2 and 16 V/m for 24 hours and measured effects on cell growth and death. Exposure dose-dependently decreased cell proliferation and was associated with cell cycle arrest. Electrical field treatment at 4 V/m for 24 hours increased apoptosis, and blocking free radicals abolished those apoptosis markers.
H. P. Schwan et al. · 1959
Aydin B, Akar A. · 2011
Researchers exposed immature and mature rats to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field for 2 hours per day for 45 days and measured oxidative stress in lymphoid organs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and plasma. Antioxidant enzyme activity, glutathione levels in lymphoid organs, and the antioxidant capacity of plasma decreased after exposure, while lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide levels, and myeloperoxidase activity increased. Improvements seen after a recovery period were limited, especially in immature rats, and oxidative damage was described as tissue specific.
