Pelletier SJ et al. · 2014
Researchers tested various intensities of direct current electric fields (0, 25, 50, and 100V/m) on neurons, microglia, and astrocytes in a controlled laboratory setting. Neurons developed an elongated cell body shape with neurite outgrowth associated with a significant increase in growth associated protein-43. BV2 microglial cells showed distinct morphological changes with an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and these changes depended on whether the cells had already been activated with lipopolysaccharide. Astrocytes displayed elongated cell bodies with cellular filopodia that were oriented perpendicularly to the direct current electric field.
Azah CK, Amoako JK, Fletcher JJ. · 2013
Researchers surveyed radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation at public access points near FM radio stations in Accra, Ghana. Measurements were taken within a 10 to 200 metre radius of each station's base, at a height of 1.5 metres above the ground. Electric field strength ranged from 5.4E−04 V m−1 at FM station 'O' to 7.4E−08 V m−1 at FM station 'D', and power densities ranged from 2.5E−10 to 1.5E−17 Wm−2. These values were described as far below the reference level set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and did not pose any known hazard to the inhabitants of Accra.
Achudume A, Onibere B, Aina F, Tchokossa P. · 2010
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation (900 MHz and 1800 MHz) for 40 or 60 days. While 40 days showed no effects, 60 days significantly weakened the animals' antioxidant defenses and altered cellular chemistry, suggesting prolonged exposure may overwhelm natural protection against cellular damage.
Achudume A, Onibere B, Aina F, Tchokossa P · 2010
Researchers exposed male Wistar rats to radio frequency radiation at 1800 MHz with a specific absorption rate of 0.95 to 3.9 W/kg for 40 or 60 days continuously. At 40 days, electromagnetic radiation failed to induce any significant alterations. At 60 days of exposure, various attributes evaluated decreased, including decreases in NADPH and ascorbate-linked lipid peroxidation along with diminution in enzymatic antioxidative defense systems and decreased glucose residue.
Benassi B et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed SH-SY5Y cells to an extremely low frequency magnetic field set up to reproduce environmental prolonged exposure to ELF-MF (50 Hz, 1 mT) and then treated the cells with the pro-Parkinson's toxin MPP+. ELF-MF alone did not affect cell survival, shape, or morphology, but it did significantly impair redox homeostasis and thiol content, triggering an increase in protein carbonylation. When MPP+ was added to ELF-MF-exposed cells, toxicity was highly enhanced, with significant increases in ROS levels, oxidative damage, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Pre-incubation with the thiol antioxidants N-acetyl-L-cysteine and GSH ethyl-ester significantly reduced oxidative damage and protected cells from death caused by the combined ELF-MF/MPP+ treatment.
Fesenko EE et al. · 1999
Russian researchers exposed mice to weak microwave radiation (8.15-18 GHz) for 24-72 hours and found their natural killer cells - immune cells that fight cancer and infections - became 130-150% more active. The immune boost lasted at least 24 hours after exposure ended, but shorter exposures of just a few hours showed no effect.
Pakhomov AG, Gaj ek P, Allen L, Stuck BE, Murphy MR · 2002
Researchers compared bioeffects of continuous wave and extremely high power pulse microwaves at 9.3 GHz and 1.25 W average power using yeast cell density in agarose gel. Cell density was strongly affected by irradiation and correlated with local temperature rise, but no statistically significant difference between CW and EHPP was found across the SAR range. A trend (P<0.1) for a difference appeared at average SAR of 100 W/kg and higher, corresponding to peak SAR above 20 MW/kg for EHPP.
H. W. Ludwig · 1968
Joseph W, Goeminne F, Verloock L, Vermeeren G, Martens L. · 2012
Researchers investigated occupational and general public exposure to VHF/UHF radio transmissions used for air traffic control communication, conducting measurements at three transmission centres. Electric fields ranged from 0.2 to 21.1 V m(-1) for workers and from 0.007 to 8.0 V m(-1) for the general public, with averages of 5.2 V m(-1) and 0.7 V m(-1) respectively. All measured values satisfied the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines.
Daniels WM, Pitout IL, Afullo TJ, Mabandla MV · 2009
Researchers studied the effect of electromagnetic radiation in the mobile phone range on the behaviour of the rat. Behavioural, histological and biochemical tests were performed on exposed and unexposed male and female rats to examine learning and memory, emotional states and corticosterone levels. No significant differences were found in spatial memory or brain morphology between groups, but some exposed animals showed decreased locomotor activity, increased grooming and a tendency of increased basal corticosterone levels. The researchers suggested that EMR exposure may lead to abnormal brain functioning.
Schuz J, Mann S · 2000
Researchers conducted a feasibility study to test whether short-term electric field measurements, calculated field strengths, or distance from base stations could serve as exposure metrics for radiowaves. Measurements showed electric field strengths from base stations between 0.012 and 0.343 V/m, though broadcast radio and television transmitters often produced stronger signals. The study concluded that population-level studies on health effects are not feasible because no valid metric exists for estimating historical exposures.
Croft RJ et al. · 2010
Researchers tested whether adolescents and the elderly are more sensitive to mobile phone-related bioeffects than young adults, using both 2G GSM and 3G W-CDMA exposures. Resting alpha activity in the 8-12 Hz band of the EEG was recorded and compared between conditions in a double-blind crossover design, with each participant receiving sham, 2G, and 3G exposures separated by at least 4 days. Young adults showed greater alpha activity in the 2G condition compared to sham, but no effect was found in adolescents or the elderly, and 3G exposure produced no effect in any group.
Viel JF, Cardis E, Moissonnier M, de Seze R, Hours M. · 2009
Pachón-García FT, Fernández-Ortiz K, Paniagua-Sánchez JM. · 2015
Researchers measured Wi-Fi emissions in a typical indoor environment using a dosimeter at 25 locations. With the network operating, maximum exposure reached 2.6 V/m in the far field region with a 90th percentile of 2.2 V/m. Traffic type caused oscillations up to 10 dB at the same position, and mean values differed by around 62 dB between rooms. All measured values were at least 12 times below the 61 V/m standard threshold. Maximum background exposure with the Wi-Fi network off was 0.039 V/m.
Bhatt CR, Redmayne M, Billah B, Abramson MJ, Benke G. · 2016
Researchers measured radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposures in kindergarten children in Melbourne, Australia. Measurements covered 16 frequency bands between 88 MHz and 5.8 GHz. The median environmental exposure across all bands was 179 mV/m, while the median personal exposure across all bands was 81 mV/m.
Hauri DD et al. · 2014
Researchers conducted a time-to-event analysis of children under 16 living in Switzerland on December 5, 2000, with follow-up until December 31, 2008. They also included an incidence density cohort of all children living in Switzerland for some time between 1985 and 2008. In the time-to-event analysis of 997 cancer cases, the adjusted hazard ratio for the highest exposure category was 1.03 for all cancers, 0.55 for childhood leukemia, and 1.68 for childhood CNS tumors. The incidence density analysis of 4,246 cancer cases showed similar results for all cancers and leukemia but did not indicate a CNS tumor risk, with an incidence rate ratio of 1.03.
Breckenkamp J et al. · 2012
Researchers measured RF-EMF exposure in the bedrooms of 1,348 households in Germany using Antennessa(®) EME Spy 120 dosimeters, with 280 measures available for each frequency band per household. Exposure levels were very low and far below the ICNIRP's exposure reference levels. Cordless phones (DECT standard) and wireless LAN/Bluetooth were the major sources, contributing about 82% of total exposure.
Viel JF et al. · 2009
Researchers enrolled 200 randomly selected people who were supplied with personal exposure meters for 24 h measurements and kept a time-location-activity diary. They calculated the proportion of measurements above 0.05 V/m and the maximum electric field strength for each radiofrequency. Most measurements were below the detection limit, with FM having 12.3% above threshold, and maximum field strength never exceeded 1.5 V/m. GSM and DCS exposure peaked at 280 m and 1000 m from antennas, FM showed a downward trend within 10 km, while UMTS and TV signals did not vary with distance.
Thomas S et al. · 2008
Researchers randomly selected a population-based sample of children and adolescents from population registries in four Bavarian cities and towns for a study with a 52% response rate. Each participant wore a dosimeter for 24 hours to measure exposure across three mobile phone frequency ranges, and waking-hour exposure was expressed as a percentage of the ICNIRP reference level. The median exposure was 0.18% of the ICNIRP reference level for children and 0.19% for adolescents, and personal dosimetry proved to be a well-accepted tool for such epidemiologic studies.
Dietrich E. Beischer, James D. Grissett, Robert E. Mitchell · 1973
Urbinello D, Huss A, Beekhuizen J, Vermeulen R, Röösli M. · 2014
Researchers used portable exposure meters to evaluate sources of data variability and repeatability of daily measurements. Exposure from mobile phone base stations ranged from 0.30 to 0.53 V/m in downtown and business areas and from 0.09 to 0.41 V/m in residential areas. Analysis of variance showed measurements were highly reproducible across days, with measurement day explaining 0.6% of variance, measurement time 0.2%, while area type explained 30% and city 50%.
Valič B, Kos B, Gajšek P. · 2014
Beekhuizen J, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H, Bürgi A, Huss A. · 2013
Researchers modelled radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) across Amsterdam using a three-dimensional model called NISMap, then compared the results to actual measurements taken in areas with different built-up characteristics. The modelled values agreed well with measurements, with Spearman correlations of 0.86 for GSM900 and 0.85 for UMTS. The researchers concluded that NISMap provides a reliable way of assessing environmental RF-EMF exposure for epidemiological studies in urban areas.
Joseph W, Verloock L, Goeminne F, Vermeeren G, Martens L. · 2012
Researchers measured radio frequency (RF) exposure at 311 locations across Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden, covering six types of environments including rural, residential, urban, suburban, office, and industrial. Exposure ratios for total field values ranged from 3.1% in rural environments to 9.4% in residential environments, relative to ICNIRP reference levels. Median exposures were highest in urban environments at 0.74 V m(-1) and lowest in rural environments at 0.09 V m(-1). GSM contributed more than 60% of the total electric field on average, while the emerging technologies LTE and WiMAX each contributed on average less than 1%.
Sunohara T, Hirata A, Laakso I, Onishi T · 2014
