Mortazavi SM et al. · 2012
Researchers measured visual reaction time in 160 right-handed university students aged 18 to 31 before and after a 10-minute real or sham exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones. The mean reaction time after real exposure was 286.78 ms and after sham exposure was 295.86 ms (P < 0.001). The researchers also compared reaction times across low-level, moderate, and frequent mobile phone users to assess possible chronic exposure effects. Male students showed shorter reaction times than female students in both talk and standby modes.
Bortkiewicz A, Gadzicka E, Szymczak W, Zmyślony M. · 2012
Researchers studied whether exposure to EMF from a mobile phone influenced tympanic temperature in ten healthy young men, aged 22.1±4.7 years. Each participant was examined three times: on a sham day with 2×60 minutes of no exposure, on a day with continuous 60-minute exposure followed by 60 minutes of no exposure, and on a day with intermittent exposure alternating 15-minute on and off periods. During continuous exposure, mean tympanic temperature was significantly higher than during sham exposure (p = 0.0001), while during intermittent exposure temperature was lower than on the sham day. The trends in tympanic temperature during the experiment differed significantly in relation to exposure conditions (p < 0.05).
Bortkiewicz A, Pilacik B, Gadzicka E, Szymczak W. · 2002
Ahmed NA, Radwan NM, Aboul Ezz HS, Salama NA. · 2017
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone-level radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz) for 2-3 months and found it caused oxidative stress damage in brain regions critical for memory and movement. However, when rats were given green tea extract (EGCG) before or during radiation exposure, it significantly protected against this brain damage. The study suggests that antioxidants may help shield the brain from wireless radiation effects.
Ahmed NA, Radwan NM, Aboul Ezz HS, Salama NA · 2017
Researchers exposed adult rats to EMR at a frequency of 900 MHz modulated at 217 Hz, with a power density of 0.02 mW/cm2 and SAR of 1.245 W/kg, and measured oxidative stress parameters in the hippocampus and striatum. EMR exposure produced disturbances in oxidant and antioxidant parameters in both brain regions. Green tea mega EGCG given at the beginning of EMR exposure for two and three months had more beneficial effect against EMR-induced oxidative stress than EGCG given after two months of exposure.
Aly H., Ashraf & deris, Safaai & Zaki, Nazar. (2011). · 2011
Researchers investigated whether radiofrequency field exposure could affect the activity of human immune system cells by studying the activity and behavior of human leukocytes upon exposure to radiofrequency fields. Human blood leukocytes were exposed to 1800 MHz RF radiation (SAR of 1.25 W/Kg, Power density of 0.1 mW/cm2) from a mobile phone when placed within a distance of 5 cm from the microscope stage. The maximum speed exceeded that measured at any temperature by approximately 50%, and a significant change was observed in leukocyte movement direction and cell behavior, including shrinking, expanding, and rolling.
Sannino A et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes in G0, G1, or S-phase to 900 MHz RF at 1.25 W/kg for 20 hours, then treated them with mitomycin C. The incidence of micronuclei was evaluated to determine adaptive response. Cells exposed in S-phase showed an adaptive response, while those exposed in G0 or G1 did not.
Trosic I, Busljeta I, Modlic B. · 2004
Researchers used an erythrocyte micronucleus assay to investigate genetic damage in bone marrow red cells of rats exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation. Wistar rats were exposed to a 2.45 GHz continuous field for 2 hours daily, 7 days a week, at a power density of 5–10 mW/cm2, with a whole body average specific absorption rate calculated to be 1.25 ± 0.36 W/kg. Significant differences in polychromatic erythrocytes were found on experimental days 8 and 15, and the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was also significantly increased on day 15. Comparisons after 2, 8, and 30 irradiation treatments did not reveal statistically significant differences between sham-exposed and treated subgroups.
Hirata A et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed rabbits to 2.45-GHz microwaves across a range of power densities to study the threshold for behavioral signs of thermal stress. The study found that a core temperature elevation of 1 degrees C was an estimate of the threshold for inducing behavioral signs of microwave-induced thermal stress in rabbits. The whole-body average SAR needed to produce behavioral signs was estimated at approximately 1.3 W/kg.
Karinen A, Heinavaara S, Nylund R, Leszczynski D. · 2008
Researchers exposed a small area of forearm skin in 10 female volunteers to RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 1.3 W/kg and collected punch biopsies from exposed and non-exposed areas. Analysis identified 8 proteins that were statistically significantly affected, and two of those proteins were present in all 10 volunteers. The researchers described this as the first study showing that molecular level changes might take place in human volunteers in response to exposure to RF-EMF.
Bamiou DE, Ceranic B, Cox R, Watt H, Chadwick P, Luxon LM. · 2008
The study used a double blind design with nine case subjects who reported symptoms after prolonged mobile telephone use and 21 control subjects. Each subject underwent 30 min exposures to pulsed RF, continuous RF, or no emission from a dummy phone system at 882 MHz with a maximum SAR of 1.3 W kg−1 (± 30%). Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions showed no significant changes from baseline after any exposure and no differences between cases and controls. Video-oculography detected no effect of exposure on the vestibular end organ in either group.
Nirwane A, Sridhar V, Majumdar A · 2016
Nirwane A, Sridhar V, Majumdar A. · 2016
Researchers exposed zebrafish to cell phone radiation at levels similar to those from mobile phones (1.34 W/kg SAR) for one hour daily over two weeks. The fish showed increased anxiety-like behaviors, impaired learning ability, and brain damage from oxidative stress. This study demonstrates that even brief daily exposure to mobile phone radiation can alter brain function and damage brain cells.
Nirwane A, Sridhar V, Majumdar A · 2016
Researchers exposed zebrafish to cell phone radiation (GSM 900 MHz) for 14 days at human-equivalent levels. The fish developed increased anxiety, reduced social behavior, and impaired learning, plus brain oxidative stress indicating cellular damage. This suggests everyday cell phone radiation may affect brain function.
Cam ST, Seyhan N, Kavaklı C, Celikbıçak O. · 2014
The study investigated whether pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation affects hydroxyproline content in rat skin, because skin is described as the first target of external electromagnetic fields. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were exposed to 900 MHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation at an average whole-body SAR of 1.35 W/kg for 20 min/day for 3 weeks. Exposure caused a statistically significant increase in skin hydroxyproline level (p = 0.049), at a SAR below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection safety limit.
Eşmekaya MA, Seyhan N, Omeroğlu S. · 2010
Researchers exposed two-month-old male Wistar rats to 900 MHz pulse-modulated RF radiation at a SAR of 1.35 Watt/kg for 20 min/day for three weeks. The study examined thyroid gland tissue using light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical methods. Morphological analyses revealed hypothyrophy of the gland, and the results indicated that thyroid hormone secretion was inhibited by the RF radiation. Apoptotic bodies were observed, and caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities were increased in thyroid cells of exposed rats.
Palumbo R et al. · 2008
The study investigated apoptosis induction after 900 MHz GSM radiation by measuring caspase 3 activation in Jurkat cells and quiescent and proliferating human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Exposure was at 1.35 W/kg for one hour in a temperature-controlled dual wire patch cell system. Caspase 3 activity increased by 32.4% in Jurkat cells and 22% in proliferating lymphocytes 6 hours after exposure, but did not change in quiescent lymphocytes. Apoptosis and viability assessed 24 hours later were unaffected in both cell types. Cell cycle analysis of proliferating T cells also showed no differences between exposed and sham-exposed cultures.
Carballo-Quintás M et al. · 2011
Spanish researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 900 MHz (similar to what phones emit) and found it triggered brain stress markers, especially when combined with a seizure-inducing drug called picrotoxin. The radiation activated neurons and caused inflammation in multiple brain regions, with effects lasting up to three days after exposure. This suggests that cell phone radiation may make the brain more vulnerable to neurological stress and damage.
Carballo-Quintás M et al. · 2011
Researchers studied the effects of acute 900 MHz GSM radiation exposure on neurotoxic biomarkers c-fos and GFAP in rats also treated with picrotoxin, a seizure-promoting agent. Seventy-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent immunochemical testing to measure c-fos induction after 90 minutes and 24 hours, and GFAP 72 hours after acute exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field. The results indicated that c-fos and glial markers were triggered by the combined stress of non-thermal irradiation and the toxic effect of picrotoxin on brain tissue.
Lowden A et al. · 2011
Researchers exposed 48 people to cell phone radiation for 3 hours before bedtime. The radiation reduced deep sleep by 12% and delayed its onset by nearly 5 minutes, demonstrating that phone exposure can measurably disrupt sleep quality even without users noticing.
Lowden A et al. · 2011
Researchers investigated the effects of a double-blind radiofrequency exposure on sleepiness and EEG measures during sleep. Forty-eight subjects with a mean age of 28 years underwent three hours of controlled exposure prior to sleep, followed by a full-night polysomnographic recording in a sleep laboratory. Following exposure, slow-wave sleep decreased by 9.5 minutes and the latency to Stage 3 sleep was prolonged by 4.8 minutes compared to sham. No differences were found between subjects who had previously reported mobile phone-related symptoms and those who had not.
Wiholm C et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed participants to mobile phone radiation at 1.4 W/kg (similar to real phone use) for 2.5 hours while they performed spatial memory tasks on a computer. Surprisingly, people who reported symptoms from phone use actually performed better during radiation exposure, while those without symptoms showed no change. This unexpected finding challenges assumptions about how phone radiation affects brain function.
Kundi M, Hutter HP. · 2009
Cross-sectional investigations of subjective health as a function of distance or measured field strength found indications for an effect of exposure that is likely independent of concerns and attributions. Experimental studies applying short-term exposure to base station signals gave various results, but there is weak evidence that UMTS and to a lesser degree GSM signals reduce wellbeing in persons that report to be sensitive to such exposures. Two ecological studies of cancer near base stations reported a strong increase in incidence within 350 and 400 meters, but limitations prevent firm conclusions.
Wiholm C et al. · 2009
Researchers studied the effects of a 2 1/2 h RF exposure at 884 MHz on spatial memory and learning using a double-blind repeated measures design. The exposure was designed to mimic that experienced during a real-life mobile phone conversation, with an average peak spatial specific absorption rate of 1.4 W/kg. Results showed a significant RF exposure by group effect on distance traveled during the trials, with the symptomatic group improving their performance during RF exposure while there was no such effect in the non-symptomatic group.
Cinel C, Russo R, Boldini A, Fox E · 2008
Researchers exposed three groups of volunteers totaling 496 participants to mobile phone electromagnetic fields in one session and sham signals in another session, using a counterbalanced double-blind design. Participants were exposed to either GSM or unmodulated signals with the phone positioned on the left or right side of the head. Before and after each exposure, participants rated five symptoms, and changes after real exposure were compared with changes after sham exposure. For one group of 160 participants, dizziness was affected by GSM exposure, but this effect was not consistent across the other two groups, and no other significant effects were found.
