Dimbylow P. · 2007
Researchers used finite-difference time-domain calculations to estimate SAR from 20 MHz to 3 GHz in hybrid voxel-mathematical models of the pregnant female. Mathematical models of the developing foetus at 8-, 13-, 26- and 38-week gestation were converted into voxels and combined with the reference adult female model, NAOMI at a resolution of 2 mm. The study calculated the electric field values needed to produce the ICNIRP public exposure restriction of 2 W kg(-1) when averaged over 10 g of the foetus.
Nagaoka T et al. · 2006
Researchers had previously developed a whole-body numerical female model of an adult Japanese non-pregnant average figure. A new fetus model including inherent tissues of pregnant women was constructed based on abdominal MRI data of a 7-month pregnant woman. A whole-body pregnant woman model was developed by combining the new fetus and the female models. The anatomical details of the developed pregnant woman model and basic SAR characteristics for whole-body exposure to RF electromagnetic fields are demonstrated.
Mjøen G et al. · 2006
Finnie JW, Cai Z, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. · 2006
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 900 MHz fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily from gestation day 1 to 19. Control mice were sham-exposed or freely mobile without restraint. Fetal brains were examined for c-fos expression in multiple regions using immunohistochemistry. No difference in c-fos immunoreactivity was found between exposed and control fetal brains.
Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Cai Z, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. · 2006
Pregnant mice were exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily from gestational day 1 to day 19. Fetal brains were examined for albumin extravasation in multiple regions including cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum, midbrain and medulla. No albumin extravasation was found in exposed or control brains, indicating no increase in vascular permeability.
Ferreira AR et al. · 2006
Researchers used the micronucleus assay to assess chromosomal damage in erythrocytes from rat offspring exposed to non-thermal UHF-EMF from a cellular phone during embryogenesis. The irradiated group showed a significant increase in micronuclei occurrence. No significant differences were found in any oxidative parameter of offspring blood and liver. The average number of pups in each litter was not significantly altered.
Erogul O et al. · 2006
Researchers enrolled 27 men and divided each semen sample into two parts, exposing one to 900 MHz cellular phone radiation. Exposure caused a subtle decrease in rapid and slow progressive sperm movement and an increase in non-motile sperm. Sperm concentration did not differ significantly between exposed and unexposed samples.
Oral B et al. · 2006
Researchers examined oxidative stress from a 900-MHz mobile phone and the possible protective effects of vitamins E and C on endometrial tissue in rats. Rats were divided into a sham control group, a 900-MHz EMF-exposed group (30 minutes daily for 30 days), and an EMF-exposed group treated with vitamins E and C before each exposure. Malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation, and the proteins Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-8 were measured in endometrial tissue. The EMF-exposed rats showed increased malondialdehyde levels and apoptosis, while vitamins E and C ameliorated oxidative tissue injury and apoptosis through free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties.
Fejes I et al. · 2005
Researchers surveyed 371 men at a university clinic about their cell phone use habits and analyzed semen using conventional methods. Duration of possession and daily transmission time correlated negatively with rapid progressive motile sperm (r = -0.12 and r = -0.19) and positively with slow progressive motile sperm (r = 0.12 and r = 0.28). Men in the high transmitter group had a lower proportion of rapid progressive motile sperm than those in the low transmitter group (40.6% vs 48.7%).
Diem E, Schwarz C, Adlkofer F, Jahn O, Rudiger H. · 2005
Researchers exposed cultured human diploid fibroblasts and transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells to 1800 MHz RF-EMF at SAR levels of 1.2 or 2 W/kg, using both intermittent and continuous exposures. DNA strand breaks were determined by means of the alkaline and neutral comet assay. Effects occurred after 16 h exposure in both cell types, and intermittent exposure showed a stronger effect in the comet assay than continuous exposure. The researchers concluded that the induced DNA damage cannot be based on thermal effects.
Celik O, Hascalik S. · 2004
The study was planned to determine the effects of electromagnetic fields from cellular phones on baseline fetal heart rate, acceleration, and deceleration. Forty pregnant women undergoing non-stress testing were enrolled. Non-stress tests were recorded while subjects held a cellular phone in standby mode and dialing mode for five minutes each, and also with no phone present for ten minutes.
Panagopoulos DJ, Karabarbounis A, Margaritis LH · 2004
The study used GSM mobile phones with a carrier frequency at 900 MHz. Insects were exposed to the near field of the mobile phone antenna for 6 minutes per day during the first 2–5 days of adult life. Modulated radiation decreased reproductive capacity by 50–60% while nonmodulated radiation decreased it by 15–20%. The authors suggested the radiation decreases the rate of cellular processes during gonad development.
Pyrpasopoulou A et al. · 2004
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to pulsed GSM-like radiofrequency radiation at 9.4 GHz and 5 microW/cm2 during early gestation. They measured bone morphogenetic protein and receptor expression in newborn kidneys using semi-quantitative duplex RT-PCR. Exposure increased BMP-4 and BMPR-IA expression and decreased BMPR-II expression, with statistical significance depending on exposure timing. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed aberrant expression and localization of these molecules. The authors suggest these molecular changes do not affect renal organogenesis but may reflect a developmental delay, and that exposure timing influences effects.
Dasdag S et al. · 2003
Sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into exposed and sham-exposed groups of eight each. The exposed group received cell phone radiation for 20 minutes per day, seven days a week, for one month. No statistically significant alterations were found in any endpoints, including sperm count, morphology, testicular histology, lipid composition, malondialdehyde concentration, p53 immune reactivity, or rectal temperature.
Grigor'ev IuG. · 2003
The study aimed to investigate biological effects of mobile phone electromagnetic field on chick embryo using mortality rate as a risk assessment. Chicken embryos were exposed to EMF from a GSM mobile phone during the 21-day embryonic development. The embryo mortality rate in the incubation period increased to 75% versus 16% in the control group.
Weisbrot D, Lin H, Ye L, Blank M, Goodman R. · 2003
Researchers exposed fruit flies to a discontinuous RF signal from a GSM multiband phone at 900/1,900 MHz with SAR approximately 1.4 W/kg for 10 days from egg laying through pupation. The non-thermal radiation increased offspring numbers, elevated hsp70 levels, increased SRE DNA-binding, and induced ELK-1 phosphorylation.
Nakamura H et al. · 2003
Researchers compared microwave exposure to water immersion at matched temperature rises in thirty-six pregnant rats assigned to six groups with 90-minute exposures. No significant differences in uteroplacental circulation or placental endocrine and immune functions were found between rats exposed to 0.6 mW/cm2 microwaves and those immersed at 38 °C. At 3 mW/cm2, microwaves caused significant decreases in uteroplacental blood flow and estradiol compared with rats immersed at 40 °C.
Nelson BK, Snyder DL, Shaw PB · 2001
Researchers gave pregnant rats methanol at 0, 2, or 3 g/kg on gestation day 9 or 13, combined with RF radiation on day 9 or 2ME on day 13. On day 9, RF radiation or methanol increased fetal resorptions without interaction, and resorptions were highest when treatments were separated by 1.5 hours. The higher methanol dose also reduced fetal weights. On day 13, 2ME or methanol increased malformations with a positive interaction between them, while fetal weights were reduced by each agent alone without interaction.
Cheever KL et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 10 MHz radiofrequency radiation and measured metabolism and distribution of 2-methoxyethanol and its metabolite methoxyacetic acid. Radiofrequency exposure reduced total body clearance of radiolabeled 2-methoxyethanol but did not change methoxyacetic acid levels in serum, embryos, or extraembryonic fluid. Protein adduct formation in embryos did not differ in a way that would explain the reported synergy between radiofrequency radiation and 2-methoxyethanol.
Bastide M, Youbibier-Simoa BJ, Lebecq JC, Giaimis J. · 2001
Researchers investigated continuous exposure of chick embryos and young chickens to EMFs from video display units and GSM cell phone radiation, including radiation attenuated by copper gauze. Permanent exposure to VDU EMFs was associated with significantly increased fetal loss (47-68%) and markedly depressed levels of circulating specific antibodies (lgG), corticosterone and melatonin. Under chronic exposure, GSM cell phone radiation was harmful to chick embryos, stressful for healthy mice, and synergistic with cancer by depleting stress hormones in mice. The same pathological results occurred after substantial reduction of microwaves by copper gauze attenuation.
De Roos AJ et al. · 2001
Researchers examined parental occupational exposures to electromagnetic fields and radiation and the incidence of neuroblastoma in offspring. Cases were 538 children diagnosed with neuroblastoma between 1992 and 1994 in the United States or Canada, and age-matched controls were selected by random-digit dialing. Maternal exposure to a broad grouping of sources that produce radiofrequency radiation was associated with an increased incidence of neuroblastoma, with an odds ratio of 2.8 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.9 to 8.7. However, the broad groupings of sources that produce ELF fields, radiofrequency radiation, or ionizing radiation were not associated with neuroblastoma.
Bornhausen M, Scheingraber H · 2000
Nakamura H, Nagase H, Ogino K, Hatta K, Matsuzaki I · 2000
Researchers exposed rats to continuous-wave microwaves at 2 mW/cm² and 2450 MHz for 90 minutes and measured uteroplacental blood flow and hormone levels. Colonic temperature did not change significantly in either virgin or pregnant rats. Microwave exposure decreased uteroplacental blood flow and increased progesterone and PGF2α in pregnant rats but not in virgin rats. Pretreatment with angiotensin II prevented these changes in pregnant rats. Corticosterone increased and estradiol decreased during exposure regardless of pregnancy status or angiotensin II pretreatment.
Dasdag S; Akdag MZ; Ayy ld z O et al. · 2000
Researchers studied the effects of microwaves emitted by cellular phones on peripheral blood parameters and birth weights of rats. The birth weight of offspring in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the sham-exposed group (p < 0.001). No blood parameters differed following exposure, and rectal temperatures showed no significant differences between groups. All parameters investigated were normal in the next generation of rats.
Cobb BL et al. · 2000
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to UWB electromagnetic fields during gestation days 3-18, with some pups also exposed for 10 days after birth, then evaluated offspring for behavioral, functional, and morphological effects. UWB-exposed pups emitted significantly more stress vocalizations than sham-exposed pups, and the medial-to-lateral length of the hippocampus was significantly longer in UWB-exposed pups than in sham-exposed animals. Researchers noted there does not appear to be a unifying physiological or behavioral relationship among the significant differences observed.
