Unknown authors · 2019
Researchers divided 24 male Wistar albino rats into four groups and exposed one group to 2100 MHz radiation for 30 minutes over a 90-day experiment. Subcutaneous melatonin was injected into a third group and given 40 minutes before radiation to a fourth group. Radiation caused neuronal edema, fewer neurons in hippocampal CA1 and CA3, Purkinje neuron displacement, and dark neurons. Radiation activated the NMDA-receptor 2B/Calpain-1/Caspase-12 pathway, and melatonin did not demonstrate protective effects.
Tsoy A et al. · 2019
Unknown authors · 2018
Researchers exposed 5xFAD mice to 1950 MHz RF-EMF at a specific absorption rate of 5.0 W/kg for 2 h/day and 5 days/week for 8 months. Behavioral changes were assessed using an open field test and an object recognition memory task after exposure ended. RF exposure rescued hyperactivity-like and anxiolytic behaviors in the open field test and improved cognitive deficits in the object recognition memory test. Glucose metabolism in the hippocampus and amygdala was significantly increased in RF-exposed mice compared to sham-exposed mice.
Unknown authors · 2018
They measured reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in kidney tissue and used caspase-3 immunohistochemistry to assess apoptosis. Deterioration was observed in the brush border in renal tubules of the EMF groups. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed a greater number of positively stained renal tubular epithelial cells in the EMF groups compared with the control group. In the EMF groups renal MDA levels increased and renal GSH levels decreased compared with the control group (p = 0.00 for both).
Pandey N, Giri S. · 2018
Researchers exposed Swiss albino mice to RFR for 3 hours twice daily for 35 days and gave some mice melatonin at 5 mg/kg body weight per day. RFR-exposed mice showed extensive DNA damage, arrest in pre-meiotic spermatogenesis, low sperm count, and sperm head abnormalities. Biochemical assays revealed excess free radical generation and histological changes in testis and germ cells. Melatonin supplementation diminished or abolished these effects.
Unknown authors · 2018
Houston BJ, Nixon B, King BV, Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN. · 2018
Researchers exposed cultured mouse spermatogonial GC1 and spermatocyte GC2 cell lines, as well as cauda epididymal spermatozoa, to continuous wave RF-EMR at 1.8 GHz at 0.15 and 1.5 W/kg. A 4-hour exposure increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in GC1 cells (7 vs. 18%; p < 0.001) and GC2 cells (11.5 vs. 16%; p < 0.01), with Complex III of the electron transport chain identified as the potential source. Exposure at 0.15 W/kg for 3 hours induced significant DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa (p < 0.05), though this was no longer significant after 4 hours. After 4 hours of exposure, spermatozoa showed significant oxidative DNA damage in the form of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (p < 0.05) and a decline in sperm motility (p < 0.05).
Hardell L et al · 2018
Researchers measured RF radiation levels in an apartment close to two groups of mobile phone base stations on the roof. A total of 74,531 measurements were made corresponding to ~83 h of recording. The total mean RF radiation level was 3,811 µW/m2 with a range of 15.2 to 112,318 µW/m2 for the whole apartment including balconies. Particularly high levels were measured on three balconies and three of the four bedrooms. The mean RF radiation level decreased by 98% when down-links from the base stations for 2, 3 and 4 G were disregarded.
Unknown authors · 2018
Researchers exposed S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa to 900 and 1800 MHz electromagnetic fields for 2 hours and then measured growth rate and antibiotic susceptibility. DNA analysis showed no difference between exposed and non-exposed S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Exposure to 900 MHz significantly reduced growth of P. aeruginosa, while 1800 MHz had no significant effect. S. aureus and S. epidermidis growth was mostly unaffected except for S. aureus at 900 MHz after 12 hours. Antibiotic susceptibility was unchanged by electromagnetic fields except for S. aureus treated with amoxicillin.
Bahreyni Toossi MH et al. · 2018
Pregnant Balb/C mice were exposed to mobile phone radiation (900–1800 MHz) for 2 hours per day over 20 days during pregnancy. Researchers measured malondialdehyde, total thiol groups, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in heart, liver, kidney, cerebellum, and hippocampus tissues of dams and offspring. MDA levels were significantly increased while TTG, SOD, and CAT were significantly decreased in the tissues of both dams and offspring.
Unknown authors · 2018
Recent research focuses on unraveling mechanisms of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and potential cellular targets. Omics high-throughput approaches are powerful tools to investigate global effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on cellular physiology.
Hancı H, Kerimoğlu G, Mercantepe T, Odacı E · 2018
Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats aged 21 days were randomly divided into three groups, and the EMF group rats were exposed to continuous 900-MHz EMF for 1 h each day during adolescence. The results showed that changes may occur in morphology and oxidative stress biomarkers in the rat testis after such exposure.
Keleş AI et al. · 2018
Histopathological examination revealed impairments of pyramidal and granular cell structures in the hippocampus of exposed rats. No significant differences were found in learning, memory, or locomotor behavior among the groups.
Hancı H, Kerimoğlu G, Mercantepe T, Odacı E · 2018
Researchers exposed young rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields (similar to early cell phone frequencies) for one hour daily throughout adolescence, then examined their reproductive organs at maturity. The study found morphological changes and oxidative stress markers in the testicular tissue of exposed animals compared to unexposed controls.
Unknown authors · 2018
Twelve-week old male mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at 0.0248 mW/cm2 power density and 0.0146 W/kg SAR for two hours daily over 15, 30, and 60 days. Researchers evaluated testicular histology, serum testosterone, ROS, NO, MDA, antioxidant enzymes, and apoptotic protein expression. Exposure induced testicular redox imbalance that enhanced apoptosis via a p53 dependent Bax-caspase-3 pathway with severity increasing with exposure duration.
Unknown authors · 2018
Researchers exposed mice to 835 MHz radiofrequency radiation at 4.0 W/kg for 12 weeks and found it triggered autophagy (cellular cleanup processes) specifically in the hippocampus brain region but not in the brain stem. This suggests RF-EMF affects different brain areas differently, with the memory-critical hippocampus showing cellular stress responses to phone-like radiation levels.
Unknown authors · 2018
Researchers exposed male mice to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency as WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2 hours daily over 15-60 days. The radiation triggered a cascade of cellular damage in the testes, leading to sperm cell death through a specific molecular pathway involving oxidative stress and programmed cell death. Longer exposure periods caused progressively more severe damage to reproductive tissue.
Unknown authors · 2018
Unknown authors · 2018
López-Furelos A et al. · 2018
Researchers exposed RAW 264.7 macrophage cells to single or combined radiofrequency signals at 900 and 2450 MHz for 4, 24, 48, or 72 hours in a GTEM chamber. They measured cell viability, nitric oxide production, HSP70 and TNF-α expression, and phagocytic activity. Phagocytic activity declined with longer exposure, while combined exposure raised HSP70 at 48 hours and significantly increased nitric oxide and TNF-α at 72 hours.
Unknown authors · 2018
Mice were exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at a power density of 0.25 mW/cm2 and SAR of 0.09 W/kg for 2 hours per day over 30 days. Exposure significantly increased catalase, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species while decreasing glutathione peroxidase, testosterone, and superoxide dismutase levels. Flow cytometry revealed micronuclei formation in the blood of exposed mice, and histopathological changes were observed in seminiferous tubules.
Unknown authors · 2018
The study exposed primary cultured astrocytes, microglia, and cortical neurons to RF-EMF at a SAR of 4.0 W/kg. DNA damage was assessed using γH2AX foci formation, cytokine secretion by ELISA, microglial phagocytosis by phagocytosis assay, and neuronal development by immunofluorescent staining for specific proteins. RF-EMF exposure did not significantly induce γH2AX foci formation in the three neurogenic cell types. Cytokine secretion in astrocytes and microglia and dendritic or synaptic morphology in cortical neurons were not significantly affected. However, microglial phagocytic activity was significantly reduced and cortical neuron axon branch length and number were significantly inhibited.
Unknown authors · 2018
Researchers exposed male mice to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency as WiFi and microwave ovens) for 2 hours daily over 30 days. The exposed mice showed significant damage to their reproductive systems, including reduced testosterone levels, increased oxidative stress in the testes, and structural damage to sperm-producing tissue. The study demonstrates that everyday wireless frequencies can harm male fertility through cellular damage.
Kamali K, Taravati A, Sayyadi S, Gharib FZ, Maftoon H. · 2018
Researchers exposed male Wister rats to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation continuously for 10 weeks. Total antioxidant capacity of plasma and activities of CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD decreased significantly in exposed rats. GST activity increased significantly in the exposed group. GSH and TBARS levels did not change significantly after exposure.
Unknown authors · 2018
The study aimed to evaluate genotoxic and cellular effects of in vitro exposure of human fetal and adult fibroblasts to microwave radiation at 25 GHz. Comet assay, phosphorylation of H2AX histone, and CREST-negative micronuclei frequency excluded direct DNA damage in exposed fibroblasts. No induction of apoptosis or changes in prosurvival signalling proteins were detected. CREST analysis showed an increase in total micronuclei and centromere-positive micronuclei in exposed samples, indicating aneuploidy induction due to chromosome loss.
