Geller L, Thuroczy G, Merkely B. · 2001
Researchers examined electromagnetic compatibility of cellular phones and pacemakers in four phone systems and fifteen pacemaker types, both in vitro and in vivo in humans. They performed more than 1100 in-vitro and 130 in-vivo tests. No electromagnetic compatibility disturbance was observed with GSM and DCS 1800 MHz phones, while the highest problem rate occurred with NMT 450 MHz phones at 10.5% to 63%.
Trosic I · 2001
Researchers exposed rats to 2450 MHz microwaves at power densities of 5 to 15 mW/cm², in sessions of two hours each, with groups receiving 2, 8, 13, or 22 treatments. Multinucleated cells significantly increased (p<0.01) in treated animals, with the elevation being time- and dose-dependent. Cell viability did not significantly change in the irradiated animal group compared with the control group.
Zook BC, Simmens SJ, · 2001
Researchers exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to 860 MHz pulsed or continuous radiofrequency radiation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week from 2 up to 24 months of age. The specific absorption rate was 1.0 W/ kg averaged over the brain. The rats were offspring of females injected intravenously with 0, 2.5, or 10 mg/kg ethylnitrosourea to induce brain tumors. There was no statistically significant evidence that the radiation induced neoplasia in any tissues or promoted cranial or spinal nerve or spinal cord tumors. The radiation had no statistically significant effect on brain tumor number, volume, location, multiplicity, histological type, malignancy, or fatality.
Huber R et al. · 2000
Researchers exposed healthy young male subjects for 30 minutes to EMF at 900 MHz and a spatial peak specific absorption rate of 1 W/kg during the waking period before sleep. Compared with a sham exposure control condition, EEG spectral power during non-rapid eye movement sleep was increased, with the maximum rise in the 9.75-11.25 Hz and 12.5-13.25 Hz bands during the initial part of sleep. The researchers concluded that the changes of brain function induced by pulsed high-frequency EMF outlast the exposure period.
Koivisto et al. · 2000
The study examined possible influences of a 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on cognitive functioning in 48 healthy humans. A battery of 12 reaction time tasks was performed twice by each participant in a counterbalanced order, once with and once without exposure to the field. Exposure speeded up response times in simple reaction time and vigilance tasks and decreased the cognitive time needed in a mental arithmetic task. The results suggest that exposure may have a facilitatory effect on brain functioning, especially in tasks requiring attention and manipulation of information in working memory.
Krause CM et al. · 2000
Researchers studied the effects of cellular phone EMF on EEG frequency bands in 16 normal subjects performing an auditory memory task. All subjects completed the memory task with and without exposure to a digital 902 MHz EMF in counterbalanced order. EMF exposure significantly increased EEG power in the 8-10 Hz frequency band only. EMF presence altered ERD/ERS responses across all studied frequency bands depending on time and memory task phase.
Unknown authors · 2000
This 2000 case-control study examined 469 brain cancer patients and 422 matched controls across five U.S. medical centers to investigate whether handheld cell phone use increases brain cancer risk. Researchers found no overall increased risk, with users actually showing slightly lower odds ratios compared to non-users, though they noted more brain tumors occurred on the same side of the head where phones were used. The study acknowledged important limitations including short average use duration (under 3 years) and the need for longer-term data to assess slow-growing tumors.
Krause CM et al. · 2000
Researchers examined the effects of electromagnetic fields from cellular phones on event-related desynchronization and synchronization responses in four EEG frequency bands during cognitive processing. Twenty-four subjects performed a visual sequential letter task with three working memory load conditions both with and without exposure to a digital 902 MHz EMF in counterbalanced order. The presence of EMF altered the ERD/ERS responses in the 6-8 and 8-10 Hz frequency bands but only when examined as a function of memory load and depending on whether the stimulus was a target.
Wang, BM, Lai, H · 2000
Rats were trained in six sessions to locate a submerged platform in a circular water maze. They were exposed to pulsed 2450-MHz microwaves for 1 hour before each training session. Microwave-exposed rats were slower than sham-exposed and cage control rats in learning to locate the platform. During the probe trial, microwave-exposed animals spent significantly less time in the quadrant that had contained the platform. There was no significant difference in swim speed among the three groups.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers exposed rats to pulsed 2450-MHz microwaves (similar to microwave oven frequency) for one hour before each water maze training session. The microwave-exposed rats were significantly slower to learn the maze and showed impaired spatial memory compared to unexposed controls. The findings suggest that even brief exposure to pulsed microwaves can disrupt learning and memory formation.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers exposed rats to pulsed 2450-MHz microwaves (similar to microwave oven frequency) for one hour before each training session in a water maze test. The microwave-exposed rats learned significantly slower and showed impaired spatial memory compared to unexposed controls, suggesting the radiation disrupted their ability to navigate and remember locations.
Unknown authors · 2000
Researchers exposed rats to pulsed 2450 MHz microwaves (similar to microwave oven frequency) for one hour before each training session in a water maze learning task. The microwave-exposed rats took longer to learn the maze location and showed impaired spatial memory compared to control groups. This suggests that acute microwave exposure can interfere with learning and memory processes in the brain.
Adey WR et al. · 2000
Researchers exposed Fischer 344 rats to a frequency-modulated signal at 836.55 MHz in a two-year bioassay, testing for effects on spontaneous and chemically induced central nervous system tumors. The study used six groups of offspring totaling 540 rats, with some groups receiving the chemical ENU and others sham or field exposure. No FM field-mediated changes were observed in number, incidence, or histological type of either spontaneous or ENU-induced brain tumors, nor were gender differences detected in tumor numbers.
Hietanen M, Kovala T, Hamalainen AM · 2000
Researchers analyzed EEG activity of 19 volunteers exposed to five different cellular phones operating at 900 MHz or 1800 MHz. Each subject completed six 30-minute experiments including one sham exposure, with real exposure lasting 20 minutes. Exposure to one phone caused a statistically significant change in absolute delta power, but relative delta power did not change and no effects were seen with other phones. The authors concluded that the observed difference was likely due to chance and that radiofrequency fields from cellular phones have no abnormal effects on EEG activity.
Schirmacher A et al. · 2000
Sienkiewicz ZJ et al. · 2000
Tsurita G, Nagawa H, Ueno S, Watanabe S, Taki M, · 2000
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a 1439 MHz TDMA field. Exposure lasted one hour a day for two or four weeks. The study assessed blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebellar morphology, and body mass.
Wagner P et al. · 2000
Researchers aimed to investigate human sleep EEG under pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields using polysomnographies with submaximal high power flux densities. They applied a submaximal power flux density of 50 W/m(2). All-night polysomnographies were recorded from 20 healthy male subjects with and without exposure to a circularly polarized EMF at 900 MHz pulsed at 217 Hz with 577 microsecond pulse duration. The results showed no significant effect of the field application on conventional sleep parameters or sleep EEG power spectra.
Vijayalaxmi, Leal BZ, Szilagyi M, Prihoda TJ, Meltz ML, · 2000
Researchers exposed human blood cells to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and some WiFi) for 2 hours to see if it would damage DNA. They found no evidence of DNA damage - the cells looked identical to unexposed cells, while cells exposed to ionizing radiation showed clear damage. This suggests that RF radiation at these levels doesn't break DNA strands in human immune cells.
Peinnequin A et al. · 2000
Harvey C, French PW · 2000
Researchers exposed a human mast cell line, HMC-1, to continuous wave microwave radiation at 864.3 MHz at an average specific absorption rate of 7 W/kg. Cells were given three exposures each of 20-min duration daily for 7 days. Expression of three genes out of 588 screened was affected, including the proto-oncogene c-kit, the transcription factor Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B, and the apoptosis-associated gene DAD-1. No significant effect on morphology or on F-actin distribution was detected.
Harvey C, French PW. · 2000
Researchers exposed human immune cells (mast cells) to microwave radiation at 864.3 MHz for 20 minutes daily over a week, using power levels that kept the cells cooler than body temperature. They found that this non-thermal exposure altered the activity of protein kinase C (a key cellular signaling molecule) and changed the expression of three genes, including one linked to cancer development and another associated with cell death.
Lebedeva NN et al. · 2000
EEG was recorded from 16 standard leads during eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions and analyzed with custom non-linear dynamics software that computed a multichannel global correlation dimension. A significant increase in global correlation dimension occurred during and after exposure, more pronounced with eyes closed. The authors interpreted this increase as a manifestation of cortex activation under phone EMF exposure.
Unknown authors · 2000
Bornhausen M, Scheingraber H · 2000
