Seckin E et al · 2014
Turkish researchers exposed pregnant rats and their newborns to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz cell phone radiation for one hour daily throughout pregnancy and early development. While hearing tests showed no differences, electron microscope examination revealed significant cellular damage in the inner ear (cochlea) of exposed animals, including increased cell death.
Taberski K et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed 16 male Djungarian hamsters to 900 MHz GSM-modulated RF-EMF at SAR levels of 0, 0.08, 0.4, and 4 W/kg for one week per condition. Only at the highest SAR level did fur temperature increase by about 0.5°C, food consumption decrease, and daytime carbon dioxide production and respiratory quotient decrease.
Yilmaz A et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to mobile phone radiation at typical usage levels for four weeks, then examined brain tissue for signs of cell death (apoptosis). They found significantly increased levels of proteins that control cell death in the exposed rats compared to unexposed controls. This suggests that mobile phone radiation may trigger cellular stress responses in brain tissue at exposure levels similar to everyday phone use.
Azadi Oskouyi E et al. · 2014
In this study, 18 male rabbits were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group, and the experimental groups received simulated microwaves at 950 MHz with output power of 3 and 6 watts for 2 weeks, 2 h a day. The epithelial height and diameter of the epididymis decreased significantly in both the 3 watt and 6 watt groups, while testosterone level decreased significantly only in the 6 watt group. The rate of apoptosis in the epithelial cells of the epididymis increased significantly only in the 6 watt group.
Seckin E et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed pregnant rats and their offspring to cell phone radiation (900 and 1800 MHz frequencies) for one hour daily during pregnancy and for 21 days after birth. While hearing tests showed no differences between exposed and unexposed animals, microscopic examination revealed significant cellular damage in the inner ear structures responsible for hearing. This suggests that cell phone radiation can harm developing hearing organs even when functional hearing appears normal.
Dasdag S, Yavuz I1, Bakkal M, Kargul B. · 2014
A control group of 7 rats underwent the same procedure with the generator turned off. Enamel microhardness was measured at the end of the study and showed no significant difference between groups (p>0.05).
Meral I, Tekintangac Y, Demir H · 2014
Researchers used 30 healthy guinea pigs weighing 500-800 g, randomly assigning 10 to a control group and 20 to an EMF-exposed group after a one-week adaptation period. The exposed group received 890-915 MHz EMF with a 217 Hz pulse rate, 2 W maximum peak power, and 0.95 wt kg(-1) specific absorption rate for 12 h per day (11 h 45 min stand-by and 15 min speaking mode) over 30 days. ECGs were recorded at baseline and on days 10, 20, and 30 using leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL, and aVF, with wave durations and amplitudes measured in lead II. The authors recommended further investigation with longer exposure durations to clarify cardiovascular effects.
Unknown authors · 2014
Sarapultseva EI, Igolkina JV, Tikhonov VN, Dubrova YE · 2014
Researchers exposed the ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum to 1 GHz and 10 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at power flux densities ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 W/m2 for periods from 0.05 to 10 hours. Exposure to 0.1 W/m2 of either 1 or 10 GHz radiofrequency fields resulted in a significant decrease in the motility of the ciliates. The motility of unexposed offspring of ciliates that had been irradiated with 0.1 W/m2 of 10 GHz radiofrequency fields remained significantly compromised across at least 10 to 15 generations.
Li WH, Li YZ, Song DD, Wang XR, Liu M, Wu XD, Liu XH. · 2014
Researchers pretreated rat MMECs with CRT (25 pg/mL) for 12 hours then exposed them to 2.856 GHz radiation at 30 mW/cm2 for six minutes. Microwave radiation increased LDH leakage, apoptosis rate, and decreased cell viability in MMECs. Microwave radiation also induced ER stress characterized by increased GRP78 and CRT expression and upregulation of CHOP and Bax with downregulation of Bcl-2. Exogenous CRT pretreatment attenuated MR-induced apoptosis, LDH leakage, ER stress, and ER stress-related apoptotic signaling.
Fasseas MK et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed synchronized populations of C. elegans at different developmental stages to radiation from GSM mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers, and DECT phones at electric field levels below ICNIRP guidelines. They examined wild-type and aging- or stress-sensitive mutant worms for changes in growth, fertility, lifespan, chemotaxis, short-term memory, ROS production, and apoptosis using fluorescent markers and qRT-PCR. No statistically significant differences were found between exposed and control animals in any of the measured outcomes.
Unknown authors · 2014
Unknown authors · 2014
Researchers exposed human brain cells to a 50 Hz pulsed magnetic field at 1 milliTesla while simultaneously treating them with hydrogen peroxide (a substance that damages DNA). They measured DNA breaks and cell health over 72 hours and found that the magnetic field exposure did not increase the DNA damage or cell death caused by the oxidative stress. This suggests that this specific type of extremely low frequency magnetic field doesn't make cells more vulnerable to other harmful agents.
Qin F, Yuan H, Nie J, Cao Y, Tong J · 2014
Researchers exposed male mice to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields at 208 microW/cm2 for 0, 30, or 120 minutes per day for 30 days, while some groups also received nano-selenium by intra-gastric injection. Significant impairments in learning and memory were observed in the RF 120 min group, along with reduced acetylcholine levels and antioxidant enzyme activity and increased GABA, glutamate, and MDA in the brain. Nano-selenium supplementation decreased GABA, glutamate, and MDA levels and increased acetylcholine levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in the exposed mice.
Ozgur E et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed adult male guinea pigs to GSM-modulated radio frequency radiation at an average whole body SAR of 0.4 W/kg for 10 or 20 minutes daily for seven consecutive days. The study measured protein oxidation, advanced oxidation protein products, and superoxide dismutase activity in liver tissue, and also tested NAC and EGCG as potential protective treatments. SOD activity significantly decreased after radio frequency radiation exposure, but protein damage did not change. NAC treatment alone increased PCO levels, and EGCG treatment alone elevated AOPP levels.
Qin F, Yuan H, Nie J, Cao Y, Tong J. · 2014
Researchers exposed mice to cell phone radiation at 1800 MHz (the frequency used by GSM networks) for either 30 or 120 minutes daily over 30 days. Mice exposed for 120 minutes showed significant learning and memory problems, along with brain chemistry changes indicating oxidative stress. When researchers gave the mice nano-selenium supplements, the cognitive damage was largely prevented.
Mattei E, Censi F, Triventi M, Calcagnini G · 2014
The study evaluated electromagnetic interference potential and immunity of ten implantable pacemakers from five manufacturers tested in vitro with Wi-Fi signals. The exposure setup reproduced the IEEE 802.11b/g protocol and amplified the Wi-Fi signal to power levels higher than allowed by international regulation. None of the tested pacemakers showed any performance degradation even when exposed to radiofrequency field levels five times higher than the regulatory limit. The researchers concluded that Wi-Fi devices do not pose EMI risks to implantable pacemakers and that modern pacemaker immunity is much higher than the transmitting power of RF devices operating at 2.4 GHz.
Kantar Gok D et al. · 2014
Turkish researchers exposed rats to extremely low-frequency electric fields (50 Hz) at different intensities for 2-4 weeks and measured brain responses using mismatch negativity, a test of auditory processing. The study found that stronger electric fields (18 kV/m) reduced brain response amplitudes after 4 weeks of exposure, accompanied by increased oxidative damage markers in brain tissue.
Cam ST, Seyhan N, Kavaklı C, Celikbıçak O. · 2014
The study investigated whether pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation affects hydroxyproline content in rat skin, because skin is described as the first target of external electromagnetic fields. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were exposed to 900 MHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency radiation at an average whole-body SAR of 1.35 W/kg for 20 min/day for 3 weeks. Exposure caused a statistically significant increase in skin hydroxyproline level (p = 0.049), at a SAR below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection safety limit.
Chen L, Qin F, Chen Y, Sun J, Tong J. · 2014
Kim HS et al. · 2014
Researchers assigned male Sprague-Dawley rats to cage-control, sham-exposed, and CDMA-exposed groups, with six rats per group. The CDMA-exposed rats received whole-body exposure to an 848.5 MHz CDMA signal at 2 W/kg for either 1 or 8 hours daily, five days a week, for two weeks. During the last five exposure days, all rats were injected with BrdU to label dividing cells, and the numbers of BrdU-positive cells in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus were estimated using an unbiased stereological method. The study found no significant difference in BrdU-positive cell counts in either brain region between CDMA-exposed rats and both control groups.
Luo YP, Ma HR, Chen JW, Li JJ, Li CX. · 2014
Researchers randomly assigned 40 male SD rats to a normal control group, a model group, a Shuifei Jibin Capsule group, and an American Ginseng Capsule group, with 10 rats each. Rats in the model, SJC, and AGC groups were exposed to imitated 900 MHz cellular phone radiation for 4 h in 12 consecutive days, while the normal control group was not irradiated. Compared to the normal control, the model group showed hepatocyte nuclear atrophy, increased liver MDA and Nrf2 protein, and decreased SOD and GSH. In the SJC group, liver MDA and Nrf2 decreased and SOD, GSH, and GSH-PX increased; in the AGC group, MDA and Nrf2 decreased and SOD and GSH increased.
Senavirathna MD, Asaeda T, Thilakarathne BL, Kadono H · 2014
Researchers investigated the effect of EMR on the growth dynamics of Myriophyllum aquaticum by measuring nanometric elongation rate fluctuation using a statistical interferometry technique. Plants were exposed to 2 GHz EMR at a maximum of 1.42 Wm(-2) for 1 hour. After continuous exposure, M. aquaticum plants exhibited a statistically significant 51 ± 16% reduction in NERF standard deviation. Temperature observations revealed that EMR exposure did not cause dielectric heating, so the reduced NERF was due to a non-thermal effect. The alteration in NERF continued for at least 2.5 hours after exposure with no significant recovery during the experimental period.
Van Den Bossche M, Verloock L, Aerts S, Joseph W, Martens L. · 2014
The authors investigated smart boards and touchscreens, energy-saving bulbs, fluorescent lamps, a portable hearing unit, and an electrosurgical unit. For most of these sources, the electric field was the dominating quantity. Magnetic field strengths up to 1.8 A/m near the electrosurgical unit and 10.5 A/m near the portable hearing unit were measured. Compliance distances for the general public ranged from 15.3 cm for touchscreens to 25 cm for fluorescent lamps.
Maskey D et al · 2014
Researchers exposed mice to 835 MHz RF radiation at 4.0 W/kg for three months. They used free-floating immunohistochemistry to assess glycine receptor immunoreactivity in the auditory brainstem. The number of glycine receptor immunoreactive cells decreased in several cochlear and superior olivary nuclei. Auditory brainstem response thresholds were significantly elevated in the exposed group.
