Unknown authors · 2013
Researchers exposed male CD1 mice to 50 Hz ELF magnetic fields at 0.1, 0.2, 1, or 2 mT for 7 days, 15 hours per day. Hsp70 expression was measured in cerebral cortex-striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum using RT-PCR and Western blot. DNA damage was assessed in the same tissues by comet assay. No changes in hsp70 mRNA or protein occurred except a weak mRNA increase in hippocampus at 0.1 mT. Mice exposed to 1 or 2 mT and sacrificed immediately showed increased DNA strand breaks in all brain areas, which returned to baseline after 24 hours.
Celik MS et al. · 2013
Researchers studied whether extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure affects how manganese accumulates in rat organs. A total of 40 rats were randomly divided into eight groups, with four groups also exposed to ELF-MF at 1.5 mT and 50 Hz for 4 hours, 5 days a week, over 45 days. Manganese levels in the brain, kidney, and liver were higher in groups that received both manganese and ELF-MF exposure than in groups that received manganese alone.
Celik MS et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to power line frequency magnetic fields while giving them manganese, a potentially toxic metal. The magnetic field exposure significantly increased manganese buildup in the brain, kidneys, and liver, suggesting EMF exposure may impair the body's ability to eliminate toxic substances.
Zhang Y, She F, Li L, Chen C, Xu S, Luo X, Li M, He M, Yu Z. · 2013
Researchers exposed primary cultured cortical neurons from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats to pulsed 2.45 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields for 10 minutes. Exposure significantly decreased cellular viability and increased apoptotic nuclei, CDK5 activity, the p25 to p35 ratio, and tau phosphorylation at Ser404. CDK5 expression did not change significantly after exposure. A CDK5 inhibitor blocked the exposure-induced decrease in cellular viability and tau hyperphosphorylation but did not significantly block apoptosis.
Zhang Y, She F, Li L, Chen C, Xu S, Luo X, Li M, He M, Yu Z. · 2013
Researchers exposed newborn rat brain cells to 2.45 GHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwaves) for just 10 minutes and found significant neuronal damage. The brain cells showed decreased viability, increased cell death, and abnormal protein changes associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. The study identified a specific cellular pathway (p25/CDK5) that appears to drive this RF-induced brain cell injury.
Unknown authors · 2013
The study investigated HSP70 responses in transfected rat primary fibroblast cells exposed to 10 Hz electric fields at intensities of 20–500 V/m. Low frequency electric fields induced HSP70 heat shock expression, with peak responses at 8 hours after a 2 hour exposure. The approximate threefold increase was substantially lower than that from thermal stimulation, raising questions about clinical utility.
Gutiérrez-Mercado YK et al. · 2013
Researchers used 96 Wistar male rats divided into three groups of 32 rats each: a control group, a sham group, and an experimental group exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields at 120 Hz and 0.66 mT. All animals received colloidal carbon intravenously, and capillary permeability was studied using optical and transmission electron microscopy. In the exposed group, researchers detected an increase in capillary permeability and a significant increase in vascular area, effects not seen in the control or sham groups.
Gutiérrez-Mercado YK et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to 120 Hz magnetic fields and found the fields made brain blood vessels leaky and dilated. This suggests EMF exposure might weaken the blood-brain barrier, which normally protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream.
Esmekaya MA et al. · 2013
Researchers investigated the effects of a 50 Hz, 2 mT magnetic field, with or without iron(III) chloride, on the growth and morphology of Escherichia coli. No significant differences in cell viability were found between exposed and sham-exposed bacteria, and FeCl3 treatment also did not change cell viability. However, pore formations and membrane destruction were observed on the surface of cells exposed to the ELF field for 24 hours.
Esmekaya MA et al. · 2013
Scientists exposed E. coli bacteria to 50 Hz magnetic fields for 24 hours. While the bacteria survived normally, the magnetic field exposure damaged their cell surfaces, creating holes and destroying membranes. This shows EMF can harm cells even when they appear healthy overall.
Unknown authors · 2013
Researchers assessed potential organ damage using histopathological study. Exposed rats showed significant differences in Olive moment and percent DNA in blood compared to controls. Hyperchromasia was observed in ovaries, and reduced germ cells with cell disorganization were seen in testes with increasing SARs.
El Gohary MI, Salama AA, El Saeid AA, El Sayed TM, Kotb HS. · 2013
Researchers studied how caffeine and extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure affected brain electrical activity in rats over 15 days. Caffeine given at 10 mg/kg caused a reduction in the mean power amplitude of EEG signals across most frequency bands, especially the alpha band (8–12 Hz), and this effect was more evident in motor cortex than in visual cortex. Exposure to ELF-MF at 0.2 mT enhanced mean power amplitude in most EEG frequency bands, with the effect more pronounced in the right hemisphere than the left. When caffeine was given alongside ELF-MF exposure, a large increase in alpha-band amplitude appeared after 5 days at all recording sites.
El Gohary MI, Salama AA, El Saeid AA, El Sayed TM, Kotb HS. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (the type emitted by power lines and appliances) for 15 days and found these fields significantly altered brain wave patterns, particularly enhancing activity in the right hemisphere. When caffeine was given alongside the magnetic field exposure, it appeared to partially counteract some of the brain changes, especially in areas controlling movement.
Unknown authors · 2013
Researchers exposed newly eclosed Drosophila melanogaster to a 50-Hz alternating magnetic field at 1, 11, and 21 G continuously for the first 5 days of adult life. The magnetic field decreased reproductive capacity by up to 4.3%, with the effect increasing at higher field intensities. The decline in reproductive capacity was attributed to severe DNA fragmentation and cell death in reproductive cells, detected by TUNEL assay during early and mid-oogenesis. The increase in DNA damage was more significant than the corresponding decrease in reproductive capacity (up to ~7.5%).
Deshmukh PS et al. · 2013
The study investigated possible DNA-damaging effects of low-level microwave radiation in the brains of male Fischer rats. Rats were exposed for 30 days at three frequencies: 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz, at specific absorption rates on the order of 10−4 W/kg. DNA damage in brain tissue was assessed using alkaline comet assay after the exposure period. The researchers concluded that low SAR microwave radiation at these frequencies may induce DNA strand breaks in brain tissue.
Bai WF, Xu WC, Feng Y, Huang H, Li XP, Deng CY, Zhang MS. · 2013
Researchers divided rat bone marrow stromal cells into three groups: one treated with electromagnetic fields, one induced without fields, and a control group. The cells in the EMF group expressed neuron-specific markers and genes, formed synaptic junctions, and pulsed excitatory postsynaptic currents. The researchers suggested that EMF appears to be a promising clinical option for stem cell transplantation therapies to combat central nervous system diseases.
Balassa T et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (0.5 and 3 mT, 50 Hz) during two critical periods of brain development: in utero during the second gestation week, or as newborns for 7 days starting 3 days after birth. Basic excitability of hippocampal slices was increased by both the fetal 0.5 mT and the newborn 3 mT treatments. Fetal exposure significantly inhibited paired-pulse depression and significantly decreased the efficacy of long-term potentiation induction in the neocortex, but not in the hippocampus. Neonatal treatment had no significant effect on plasticity phenomena.
Calabrò E et al. · 2013
Researchers used SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as an experimental model to study the effects of a 50 Hz electromagnetic field in the range from 50 µT to 1.4 mT. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed a reduction in intensity of the amide A band and a slight increase of vibration bands corresponding to methylene groups. Exposure to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field higher than 0.8 mT was associated with a significant reduction of cell viability and reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
Deng Y, Zhang Y, Jia S, Liu J, Liu Y, Xu W, Liu L. · 2013
Researchers divided sixty male SPF Kunming mice into four groups: a control group, an ELF-MF group exposed at 2 mT for 4 hours per day, a group given aluminum at 200 mg per kg, and a combined ELF-MF plus aluminum group. After 8 weeks of treatment, all three exposure groups showed learning memory impairment, with prolonged escaping latency to the platform and a reduced percentage of time in the platform quadrant in the Morris water maze task. All three exposed groups showed a statistically significant decrease in superoxide dismutase activity and an increase in malondialdehyde levels. The combined ELF-MF plus aluminum treatment induced no more damage than ELF-MF and aluminum did separately.
Duan Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, He Y, Lu R, Zhang R, Sun G, Sun X. · 2013
Researchers investigated whether lotus seedpod procyanidins (LSPCs) given by oral gavage could protect mice from cognitive deficits and oxidative damage caused by extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure at 50 Hz and 8 mT for 28 days. A water maze test indicated that learning and memory abilities of the ELF-EMF group deteriorated significantly compared with the control group, but the ELF-EMF + LSPCs90 group had remarkably improved learning and memory abilities compared with the ELF-EMF group. ELF-EMF exposure was associated with significant increases in oxidative stress markers and decreases in antioxidant enzyme activities.
Manjhi J, Kumar S, Behari J, Mathur R. · 2013
Researchers studied whether extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure could reduce osteoporosis caused by spinal cord injury in rats. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 24) were equally divided into sham, SCI, and SCI+MF groups. Starting one day after injury, the exposed group received ELF magnetic field at 17.96 micro-Tesla and 50 Hz for two hours per day over eight weeks. Bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and biochemical markers were significantly lower in spinal cord injury rats compared with the sham group, and these decreases were attenuated in the magnetic field-treated group, except for carbon content.
Park JE, Seo YK, Yoon HH, Kim CW, Park JK, Jeon S · 2013
Researchers treated human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) with ELF-EMF at 50 Hz and 1 mT and measured neural marker expression and cell signaling. The expression of neural markers NF-L, MAP2, and NeuroD1 increased at 6 days, while phosphorylation of Akt and CREB, but not ERK, increased at 90 min. The researchers suggest that EMF induces neural differentiation through activation of EGFR signaling and mild generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Balassa T et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed developing rats to 50 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) during critical brain development periods and found lasting changes in brain function. The exposed animals showed altered electrical activity in brain regions responsible for learning and memory, with some changes persisting weeks after exposure ended. This suggests that magnetic field exposure during early development may affect how the brain processes information later in life.
Duan Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, He Y, Lu R, Zhang R, Sun G, Sun X. · 2013
Researchers exposed mice to 50 Hz magnetic fields (the type from power lines) for 28 days and found it damaged their learning, memory, and brain cells through oxidative stress. When mice were given lotus seedpod antioxidants during exposure, these harmful effects were largely prevented. This suggests that extremely low frequency EMF exposure can cause measurable brain damage, but antioxidants may offer some protection.
Salah MB, Abdelmelek H, Abderraba M. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz RF for 1 hour daily over 21 consecutive days, which induced a diabetes-like status. RF exposure decreased glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and thiol group activities in liver and kidneys, while increasing malondialdehyde concentration in both organs. Olive leaf extract at 100 mg/kg prevented glucose metabolism disruption, restored antioxidant enzyme activities and thiol groups in liver and kidneys, and reduced elevated malondialdehyde in liver but not in kidneys.
