Immune System

Effects of low-level radio-frequency (3kHz to 300GHz) energy on human cardiovascular, reproductive, immune, and other systems: A review of the recent literature.

Jauchem JR. · 2008

[Surface markers and functions of human dendritic cells exposed to mobile phone 1800 MHz electromagnetic fields.]

Zhou ZD et al. · 2008

Human dendritic cells were exposed to intermittent EMF at 4 W/kg SAR for 1, 12, or 24 hours. Surface markers were analyzed by flow cytometry, allo-MLR by CCK-8 assay, and cytokine secretion by ELISA. After exposure, HLA-DR, CD80, CD86, and CD40 expression declined, while CD11c did not. Allo-MLR stimulation ability decreased significantly in all exposure groups, most markedly at 24 hours. Secreted IL-12p70 and TNF-alpha levels remained unchanged across exposure groups.

Evaluation of genotoxic effects in human leukocytes after in vitro exposure to 1950 MHz UMTS radiofrequency field.

Zeni O et al. · 2008

Exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation induces caspase 3 activation in proliferating human lymphocytes

Palumbo R et al. · 2008

The study investigated apoptosis induction after 900 MHz GSM radiation by measuring caspase 3 activation in Jurkat cells and quiescent and proliferating human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Exposure was at 1.35 W/kg for one hour in a temperature-controlled dual wire patch cell system. Caspase 3 activity increased by 32.4% in Jurkat cells and 22% in proliferating lymphocytes 6 hours after exposure, but did not change in quiescent lymphocytes. Apoptosis and viability assessed 24 hours later were unaffected in both cell types. Cell cycle analysis of proliferating T cells also showed no differences between exposed and sham-exposed cultures.

Gene expression changes in the skin of rats induced by prolonged 35 GHz millimeter-wave exposure.

Millenbaugh NJ et al. · 2008

Rats were exposed to 35 GHz millimeter waves at 75 mW/cm(2), 42 degrees C heat, or sham, with skin collected at 6 and 24 h for gene expression and at 3-6 h or 24-48 h for histopathology. Microscopic examination showed neutrophil aggregation in vessels, stromal cell degeneration, and collagen breakdown in the dermis of exposed rats. Changes were detected in 56 genes at 6 h and 58 genes at 24 h in millimeter-wave-exposed rats. Affected genes included those for transcription regulation, protein folding, oxidative stress, immune response, and tissue matrix turnover at both times, with more extracellular matrix and chemokine genes altered at 24 h. Real-time RT-PCR confirmed up-regulation of Hspa1a, Timp1, S100a9, Ccl2, and Angptl4 at 24 h.

Effects of 900-MHz Radio Frequencies on the Chemotaxis of Human Neutrophils in Vitro.

Aly AA et al. · 2008

Researchers studied how 900-MHz radio-frequency fields affect the ability of human neutrophils to follow concentration gradients of Cyclic Adenosine 3', 5'-Monophosphate (C-AMP). Blood from healthy adult donors was exposed in vitro to different temperatures and a 900-MHz RF field at approximately 0.4 V/m. When the 900-MHz RF field was applied, neutrophil speed increased above the value observed at the same temperature, and the maximum speed exceeded that measured at any temperature by approximately 50%. The direction of motion changed from along the concentration gradient and the electrical field lines to motion at right angles to the concentration gradient and the electric field.

Assessment of biological changes of continuous whole body exposure to static magnetic field and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in mice.

Hashish AH, El-Missiry MA, Abdelkader HI, Abou-Saleh RH · 2008

Development and evaluation of the electromagnetic hypersensitivity questionnaire

Unknown authors · 2007

Lymphoma development in mice chronically exposed to UMTS-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields.

Sommer AM, Bitz AK, Streckert J, Hansen VW, Lerchl A · 2007

Evaluating the biological effects of intermittent 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency fields in a series of human-derived cell lines.

Chauhan V et al. · 2007

Researchers exposed human-derived cell lines TK6, HL60, and Mono-Mac-6 to intermittent 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated RF fields for 6 hours at SARs of 0, 1, and 10 W/kg. Cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle kinetics were measured immediately after exposure and 18 hours later. Cytokine expression (TNFA, IL1B, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12) was also assessed. No detectable changes in cell viability, cell cycle kinetics, apoptosis, or cytokine expression were observed in any exposed group compared to sham controls. The positive heat-shock control showed decreased viability, increased apoptosis, and a G(2)/M cell cycle block.

Evaluating the combinative effects on human lymphocyte DNA damage induced by ultraviolet ray C plus 1.8GHz microwaves using comet assay in vitro.

Baohong W et al. · 2007

Researchers exposed human lymphocytes to 1.8 GHz microwaves at a SAR of 3 W/kg, ultraviolet ray C (UVC), or both, then measured DNA damage using the comet assay. Microwave exposure alone did not produce significantly more DNA damage than the control group. When combined with UVC, microwave exposure was associated with reduced DNA damage at 1.5-hour incubation but increased DNA damage at 4-hour incubation, compared with UVC alone.

Alteration of Nitric Oxide Production in Rats Exposed to a Prolonged, Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field

Akdag MZ, Bilgin MH, Dasdag S, Tumer C · 2007

Gene expression analysis of ELF-MF exposed human monocytes indicating the involvement of the alternative activation pathway

Unknown authors · 2006

Researchers studied the cell activating capacity of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on human umbilical cord blood-derived monocytes. They confirmed previous findings that ELF-MF at 1.0 mT increased ROS release in human monocytes. Gene expression profiling using a whole-genome cDNA array was performed after 45 minutes of exposure. The exposure altered 986 genes involved in metabolism, cellular physiological processes, signal transduction, and immune response. Significant regulation was found for five genes, including IL15RA, EPS15R, DNMT3A, and DKFZP586J1624.

Cytogenetic Studies in Human Blood Lymphocytes Exposed In Vitro to 2.45 GHz or 8.2 GHz Radiofrequency Radiation.

Vijayalaxmi · 2006

Researchers exposed peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy volunteers to 2.45 GHz or 8.2 GHz pulsed-wave RF radiation for 2 hours. They measured chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei to assess cytogenetic damage. The RF-exposed lymphocytes showed no significant increase in damage compared to sham-exposed lymphocytes. Gamma-irradiated positive control cells showed significantly more damage than both RF-exposed and sham-exposed cells.

In vitro effects of GSM modulated radiofrequency fields on human immune cells.

Tuschl H, Novak W, Molla-Djafari H. · 2006

The study assessed whether GSM-modulated RF fields have adverse effects on the functional competence of human immune cells. Exposure was performed at GSM Basic 1950 MHz with an SAR of 1 mW/g in an intermittent mode of 5 minutes on and 10 minutes off for 8 hours. Researchers evaluated intracellular cytokine production, immune-relevant gene activity, and cytotoxicity of lymphokine-activated killer cells using blood from at least 15 donors per parameter. No statistically significant effects of exposure were found.

Exposure of Cultured Astroglial and Microglial Brain Cells to 900 MHz Microwave Radiation.

Thorlin et al. · 2006

Researchers exposed cultured astroglial and microglial cells to 900 MHz microwave radiation at various SARs and durations. They measured markers including interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, glial fibrillary acidic protein, total protein, and ED-1. No significant differences were found for any parameter at any time or radiation characteristic. Total protein levels remained constant and cell morphology appeared unaffected. The study concluded no evidence for effects on damage-related factors in glial cells.

Exposure to radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz, GSM signal) does not affect micronucleus frequency and cell proliferation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: an interlaboratory study.

Scarfi MR et al. · 2006

Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 healthy donors to 900 MHz GSM signals at SARs of 0, 1, 5, and 10 W/kg for 24 hours. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay showed no genotoxic or cytotoxic effects across the range of SARs investigated. Two independent laboratories (ENEA Rome and CNR-IREA Naples) each tested five donors and cross-scored slides, confirming the findings.

Nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity of NFKB (NF-kappaB) after exposure of human monocytes to pulsed ultra-wideband electromagnetic fields (1 kV/cm) fails to transactivate kappaB-dependent gene expression.

Natarajan M et al. · 2006

Human Mono Mac 6 cells were exposed intermittently to pulsed EMF for 90 minutes with a pulse width of 0.79 ns and a repetition rate of 250 pps at 1 kV/cm. Cells exposed to the EMF showed a 3.5-fold increase in NFKB DNA-binding activity at 24 hours postexposure. No difference was found in NFKB-dependent gene expression profiles at 8 or 24 hours postexposure. Pulsed EMF exposure did not induce NFKB-driven luciferase activity, indicating the activation was functionally inactive.

Effects of GSM-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on B-cell peripheral differentiation and antibody production.

Nasta F et al. · 2006

Radiofrequency radiation does not induce stress response in human T-lymphocytes and rat primary astrocytes.

Lee JS, Huang TQ, Kim TH, Kim JY, Kim HJ, Pack JK, Seo JS. · 2006

Researchers exposed human T-lymphocyte Jurkat cells and rat primary astrocytes to 1763 MHz RF radiation at SARs of 2 or 20 W/kg for 30 minutes or 1 hour while temperature was completely controlled at 37 +/- 0.2 degrees C. No detectable difference was observed in the expression levels of HSP90, HSP70, and HSP27, and the phosphorylation status of MAPKs did not change significantly. When TPA alone was applied, MAPKs were phosphorylated in a dose-dependent manner, but RF radiation did not enhance TPA-induced MAPK phosphorylation, and neither TPA nor RF radiation affected HSP induction.

Comparative study of cell cycle kinetics and induction of apoptosis or necrosis after exposure of human mono mac 6 cells to radiofrequency radiation.

Lantow M, Viergutz T, Weiss DG, Simko M. · 2006

Researchers used human Mono Mac 6 cells and exposed them to a 1,800 MHz GSM-DTX signal at 2 W/kg SAR for 12 hours. They measured cell cycle kinetics, BrdU uptake, apoptosis, and necrosis using flow cytometry. No statistically significant differences were found in apoptosis, necrosis, cell cycle kinetics, or BrdU uptake between RF EMF-exposed cells and sham or incubator controls. Positive controls treated with gliotoxin and PMA showed significant increases in apoptosis and necrosis, and PMA caused a significant accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase with a reduction in S-phase cells.

Analysis of proto-oncogene and heat-shock protein gene expression in human derived cell-lines exposed in vitro to an intermittent 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field.

Chauhan V et al. · 2006

Researchers exposed HL-60 and MM6 cells to intermittent 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated RF fields at SARs of 1 and 10 W/kg for 6 hours. No significant changes in gene expression were found between sham-exposed and RF-exposed groups in either cell line. Positive heat-shock controls showed significant increases in HSP27, HSP70, c-fos, and c-jun at both time points.

Gene expression analysis of a human lymphoblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to an intermittent 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field.

Chauhan V et al. · 2006

Researchers exposed human lymphoblastoma TK6 cells to 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated RF fields at SARs of 1 and 10 W/kg. They assessed expression of proto-oncogenes FOS, JUN, and MYC using real-time RT-PCR. They also monitored transcript levels of the heat-shock proteins HSP27 and inducible HSP70. Transcript levels in RF-exposed cells showed no significant difference compared to sham-exposed cells. Positive heat-shock controls showed significant elevation of HSP27, HSP70, FOS, and JUN, and a decline in MYC mRNA.

Hsp70 expression and free radical release after exposure to non-thermal radio-frequency electromagnetic fields and ultrafine particles in human Mono Mac 6 cells.

Simkó M et al. · 2006

The study investigated Hsp70 expression and free radical release in human Mono Mac 6 cells exposed to ultrafine particles and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Ultrafine particle exposure increased free radical release by 40-45% above negative control, an effect stronger than heat treatment. Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure alone did not change free radical levels. Combined exposure to RF and ultrafine particles did not enhance the particle effect on free radicals. Heat treatment increased Hsp70 expression in a time-dependent manner, while ultrafine particles, RF fields, or their combination had no effect on Hsp70.

ROS release and Hsp70 expression after exposure to 1,800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in primary human monocytes and lymphocytes.

Lantow M, Lupke M, Frahm J, Mattsson MO, Kuster N, Simko M. · 2006

The study investigated whether 1,800 MHz RF-EMF can induce ROS release or Hsp70 expression changes in human blood cells using various exposure conditions. PMA treatment significantly increased ROS production in both monocytes and lymphocytes compared to sham or incubator controls. GSM-DTX exposure at 2 W/kg produced a significant difference in monocyte ROS compared to sham, but this was attributed to lower ROS values in the sham condition, while lymphocytes showed no ROS changes. Hsp70 expression in monocytes did not differ after GSM-DTX exposure at 2 W/kg for 1 hour compared to incubator or sham controls at any post-exposure time point.