3,138 Studies Reviewed. 77.4% Found Biological Effects. The Evidence is Clear.
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Symptoms & Sensitivity

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Key Finding: 72% of 232 studies on symptoms & sensitivity found biological effects from EMF exposure.

Of 232 studies examining symptoms & sensitivity, 72% found measurable biological effects from EMF exposure.

Lowest Documented Effect

Research found effects on symptoms & sensitivity at exposures as low as:

Study Exposure Level in ContextA logarithmic scale showing exposure levels relative to Building Biology concern thresholds and regulatory limits.Study Exposure Level in Context0.00000052, 0.00001536, 0.00021268Extreme Concern1,000 uW/m2FCC Limit10M uW/m2Effects observed in the No Concern range (Building Biology)FCC limit is 19,230,769,230,769x higher than this exposure level

Research Overview

  • -When 69 out of 107 peer-reviewed studies (64.5%) document measurable effects from EMF exposure, we're looking at a substantial body of evidence that electromagnetic fields can trigger real physiological responses in people.
  • -The science demonstrates a clear pattern: EMF exposure consistently produces detectable changes in human biology, from altered brainwave patterns and disrupted sleep cycles to increased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers.
  • -The documented effects span multiple body systems.

When 69 out of 107 peer-reviewed studies (64.5%) document measurable effects from EMF exposure, we're looking at a substantial body of evidence that electromagnetic fields can trigger real physiological responses in people. The science demonstrates a clear pattern: EMF exposure consistently produces detectable changes in human biology, from altered brainwave patterns and disrupted sleep cycles to increased oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. The documented effects span multiple body systems.

The science demonstrates measurable changes in brain activity, sleep patterns, and cognitive performance from radiofrequency radiation at levels we encounter daily through our phones and wireless devices.

Based on this section of the BioInitiative Report 2012, the scientific evidence demonstrates clear neurological and behavioral effects from radiofrequency radiation exposure, particularly from mobile phone use.

Source: BioInitiative Working Group. BioInitiative Report: A Rationale for Biologically-based Public Exposure Standards for Electromagnetic Radiation. Edited by Cindy Sage and David O. Carpenter, BioInitiative, 2012, updated 2020. www.bioinitiative.org

Showing 232 studies

Miniplate osteosynthesis and cellular phone create disturbance of infraorbital nerve.

Westermark A, Wisten A. · 2001

Researchers investigated a 37-year-old man who experienced nerve pain (dysesthesia) near a metal surgical plate in his face whenever he used his cell phone. When they measured electrical currents on the plate during phone use, they found the phone's electromagnetic field induced measurable currents of up to 141 millivolts on the metal. After surgically removing the plate, the patient's phone-related nerve pain disappeared completely.

Symptoms experienced by users of digital cellular phones: a pilot study in a French engineering school.

Santini R et al. · 2001

French researchers surveyed 161 engineering students and workers about symptoms they experienced while using digital cell phones operating at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequencies. They found that users of the higher frequency phones (1800 MHz) reported significantly more concentration difficulties, while women experienced more sleep disturbances than men. Phone users also reported physical discomfort including ear warmth and pricking sensations that increased with longer daily use.

Management of radiofrequency radiation overexposures.

Hocking B. · 2001

This clinical paper provides medical guidance for doctors treating patients who have experienced overexposure to radiofrequency radiation (the type emitted by cell phones, WiFi, and radio transmitters). The author outlines how to assess symptoms, provide emergency care, and manage ongoing treatment for what is described as a 'complex injury.' The paper emphasizes that radiofrequency overexposure requires specialized medical attention and ongoing care planning.

Microwave sickness: a reappraisal.

Hocking B · 2001

Researchers examined 'microwave sickness' (MWS), a disputed condition affecting workers exposed to radiofrequency radiation, characterized by fatigue, headaches, and nervous system problems. The study concluded that MWS is a legitimate medical condition that should be recognized as a potential occupational health risk for RF radiation workers. This challenges decades of Western skepticism about reports from Eastern European researchers.

Provocation study of persons with perceived electrical hypersensitivity and controls using magnetic field exposure and recording of electrophysiological characteristics.

Lyskov E, Sandström M, Mild KH · 2001

Researchers exposed 20 people with electromagnetic hypersensitivity and 20 healthy controls to magnetic fields while monitoring their bodies. Magnetic fields didn't affect either group, but hypersensitive individuals showed different heart rate and stress patterns, suggesting they may have heightened sensitivity to environmental stressors generally.

Symptoms & SensitivityNo Effects Found

Effects of exposure to very high frequency radiofrequency radiation on six antenna engineers in two separate incidents.

Schilling CJ · 2000

Researchers documented health effects in six antenna engineers who were accidentally exposed to high-level radiofrequency radiation (100 MHz) during transmission mast work in two separate incidents. The workers experienced symptoms including headaches, nerve sensations, diarrhea, fatigue, and general illness. Four of the men with the highest exposure levels showed no significant improvement in their condition years after the 1995 and 1996 incidents.

Whole Body / GeneralNo Effects Found

Review of extensive workups of 34 patients overexposed to radiofrequency radiation.

Reeves GI · 2000

U.S. Air Force researchers examined 34 military personnel who were accidentally exposed to radiofrequency radiation levels exceeding safety limits. Despite comprehensive medical testing including neurological and psychological evaluations, they found no significant health effects attributable to the RF exposure, with only temporary sensations of warmth and brief burning pain that resolved within weeks.

Symptoms & SensitivityNo Effects Found224 citations

Symptoms experienced in connection with mobile phone use.

Oftedal G, Wilen J, Sandstrom M, Mild KH · 2000

Researchers surveyed 17,000 mobile phone users across Norway and Sweden to document symptoms people experienced while using their phones. They found that 31% of Norwegian users and 13% of Swedish users reported at least one symptom connected to phone use, with the most common being warmth around the ear, burning facial sensations, and headaches that typically began during calls and lasted up to 2 hours. While nearly half of those experiencing symptoms took steps to reduce them, few sought medical care, suggesting these effects were bothersome but not considered serious health problems by users.

Symptoms & SensitivityNo Effects Found

Electromagnetic interference of bone-anchored hearing aids by cellular phones.

Kompis M, Negri S, Hausler R. · 2000

Researchers studied electromagnetic interference between bone-anchored hearing aids (BAHAs) and cell phones in 17 patients. They found that 11 of 13 patients who used digital cell phones experienced annoying buzzing sounds when the devices interfered with their hearing aids, with one patient also reporting dizziness and head pressure. While the interference wasn't considered harmful, it demonstrates how wireless devices can disrupt medical implants.

Neurological abnormalities associated with Mobile phone use.

Hocking B, Westerman R · 2000

Researchers documented a case of permanent nerve damage in a patient who used a mobile phone extensively. The patient developed lasting abnormal sensations in the scalp, reduced sensation, and measurable nerve damage to the cervical and trigeminal nerves. Medical examination ruled out other potential causes, suggesting a connection between prolonged mobile phone use and neurological damage.

Impact of CDMA wireless phone power output and puncture rate on hearing aid interference levels.

Fry TL, Schlegel RE, Grant H · 2000

Researchers tested how wireless phone power levels affect interference with hearing aids, finding that stronger phone signals create more audible buzz and static for hearing aid users. The study showed that reducing phone power significantly improves the listening experience for people with hearing aids that have poor electromagnetic shielding, while high-quality hearing aids remain relatively unaffected even at maximum phone power. This research demonstrates that the electromagnetic emissions from cell phones can directly interfere with medical devices people depend on daily.

Combined effects of traffic and electromagnetic fields on the immune system of fertile atopic women.

Del Signore A, Boscolo P, Kouri S, Di Martino G, Giuliano G · 2000

Researchers studied how electromagnetic fields affect the immune systems of women with allergies compared to those without, all living in areas with traffic pollution. They found that women with allergies who were also exposed to electromagnetic fields had weakened immune responses, including reduced natural killer cell activity and higher allergy markers. This suggests that people with existing allergies may be more vulnerable to electromagnetic field exposure.

Cerebral symptoms from mobile telephones.

Cox RA, Luxton LM · 2000

Researchers studied brain-related symptoms in mobile phone users and found that 5-8% of users experience inner ear effects from their phones. These effects include dizziness, disorientation, nausea, headache, and temporary confusion. The study suggests that mobile phone radiation can directly impact the delicate structures of the inner ear, which are crucial for balance and spatial awareness.

Prevalence of headache among handheld cellular telephone users in singapore: A community study.

Chia SE, Chia HP, Tan JS · 2000

Researchers surveyed 808 people in Singapore to compare headache rates between cell phone users and non-users. They found that cell phone users were 31% more likely to experience headaches, with the risk increasing based on daily usage time. Importantly, people who used hands-free equipment had 20% fewer headaches than those who held phones directly to their heads.

[Effects of electromagnetic radiation from handsets of cellular telephone on neurobehavioral function]

Cao Z, Liu J, Li S, Zhao X. · 2000

Chinese researchers compared 81 cell phone users to 63 non-users from corporate settings, measuring their reaction times and other brain function tests. They found that cell phone users had significantly slower reaction times, and the longer someone had been using a phone, the worse their performance became. This suggests that regular cell phone use may impair basic brain functions like processing speed and coordination.

Heating and pain sensation produced in human skin by millimeter waves: comparison to a simple thermal model.

Walters TJ, Blick DW, Johnson LR, Adair ER, Foster KR · 2000

Researchers exposed 10 volunteers to high-intensity millimeter wave radiation (94 GHz) for 3 seconds to determine when skin heating becomes painful. They found that pain occurred when skin temperature reached 43.9°C, representing a 9.9°C increase from baseline. The study was designed to help predict pain thresholds for military applications using millimeter wave technology.

Concerns about sources of electromagnetic interference in patients with pacemakers.

Sakakibara Y, Mitsui T · 1999

Japanese researchers surveyed nearly 1,600 pacemaker patients about electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems they experienced in daily life. Mobile phones were the biggest concern (affecting 39% of patients), followed by MRI machines (17%) and common household devices like kitchen appliances. The study highlights how our increasingly electromagnetic environment creates real quality-of-life issues for people with implanted medical devices.

Effects of mobile GSM radiotelephone exposure on the auditory brainstem response (ABR).

Kellenyi, L, Thuroczy, G, Faludy, B, Lenard, L · 1999

Hungarian researchers exposed human subjects to GSM cell phone radiation for 15 minutes and measured their auditory brainstem response (ABR), which reflects how well the brain processes sound signals. They found that radiation exposure increased brain activity in the auditory processing centers and caused a 20-decibel hearing loss in high frequencies from 2-10 kHz on the exposed side. This suggests that even brief cell phone use can temporarily alter brain function and hearing ability.

Acute effects of using a mobile phone on CNS functions.

Hladky, A, Musil, J, Roth, Z, Urban, P, Blazkova, V · 1999

Czech researchers tested 20 volunteers using a Motorola GSM phone to see if electromagnetic fields affected brain function during phone calls. They found that the electromagnetic fields themselves didn't impair memory, attention, or visual processing. However, the act of talking on the phone significantly slowed reaction times and decision-making in a driving simulation test, suggesting the cognitive distraction of phone conversations poses real safety risks.

Radiofrequency (RF) sickness in the Lilienfeld Study: an effect of modulated microwaves?

Johnson Liakouris AG · 1998

Researchers re-examined health data from U.S. Embassy staff exposed to microwave radiation in Moscow during the Cold War, finding that previously dismissed symptoms matched a recognized pattern called radiofrequency sickness syndrome. The study suggests these health effects were linked to chronic exposure to low-intensity, modulated microwave radiation similar to what we encounter from modern wireless devices.

Preliminary report: symptoms associated with mobile phone use.

Hocking, B · 1998

Researchers surveyed 40 mobile phone users who experienced unusual symptoms like burning sensations and dull aches in their head and ears during or after phone calls. These symptoms typically started within minutes of use and lasted up to an hour afterward, with 75% of cases linked to digital phones. The study found that most people got relief by changing how they used their phones or switching to different devices.

Comparison of symptoms experienced by users of analogue and digital mobile phones: a Swedish-Norwegian epidemiological study.

Hanson Mild et al. · 1998

Swedish and Norwegian researchers compared symptoms between users of older analog mobile phones (NMT) and newer digital phones (GSM) in a large study of over 17,000 people. Surprisingly, they found that digital phone users actually reported fewer symptoms like warmth sensations around the ear compared to analog users, contradicting their initial hypothesis. However, both phone types showed a clear pattern: the more people talked on their phones, the more they experienced symptoms like headaches, fatigue, and ear warmth.

[Observations of changes in neurobehavioral functions in workers exposed to high-frequency radiation].

Duan L, Shan Y, Yu X · 1998

Chinese researchers tested brain function in workers exposed to high-frequency electromagnetic radiation using standardized tests recommended by the World Health Organization. They found that exposed workers scored significantly lower on multiple brain performance measures compared to unexposed controls, and these changes correlated with symptoms of neurasthenia (a condition involving mental fatigue and cognitive difficulties). This suggests that occupational exposure to high-frequency EMF can measurably impair cognitive function.

Odontologic survey of referred patients with symptoms allegedly caused by electricity or visual display units.

Bergdahl J, Tillberg A, Stenman E. · 1998

Swedish researchers examined 28 patients who reported health symptoms they believed were caused by electricity or computer screens (visual display units). The study found these patients had various dental and oral health problems, including jaw dysfunction, mouth burning, and reduced saliva production. While the study couldn't prove electricity caused these symptoms, it suggests that dental health issues might contribute to the suffering experienced by people who report electrical sensitivity.

Effects of acute exposure to ultrahigh radiofrequency radiation on three antenna engineers.

Schilling, CJ · 1997

Researchers documented what happened to three antenna engineers who were accidentally exposed to high-level radiofrequency radiation (785 MHz) while working on a television mast. The men immediately felt intense heating in exposed body parts, followed by headaches, numbness, nausea, diarrhea, and skin redness, with chronic headaches persisting in the most exposed areas of their heads. This case study provides direct evidence that RF radiation can cause immediate and lasting health effects in humans at high exposure levels.

Learn More

For a comprehensive exploration of EMF health effects including symptoms & sensitivity, along with practical protection strategies, explore these books by R Blank and Dr. Martin Blank.

FAQs: EMF & Symptoms & Sensitivity

When 69 out of 107 peer-reviewed studies (64.5%) document measurable effects from EMF exposure, we're looking at a substantial body of evidence that electromagnetic fields can trigger real physiological responses in people. The science demonstrates a clear pattern: EMF exposure consistently produces detectable changes in human biology, from altered brainwave patterns and disrupted sleep cycles to increased oxidative stress and...
The BioInitiative Report database includes 232 peer-reviewed studies examining the relationship between electromagnetic field exposure and symptoms & sensitivity. These studies have been conducted by researchers worldwide and published in scientific journals. The research spans multiple decades and includes various types of EMF sources including cell phones, WiFi, power lines, and other common sources of electromagnetic radiation.
72% of the 232 studies examining symptoms & sensitivity found measurable biological effects from EMF exposure. This means that 167 studies documented observable changes in biological systems when exposed to electromagnetic fields. The remaining 28% either found no significant effects or had inconclusive results, which is typical in scientific research where study design and exposure parameters vary.