Moneda AP, Ioannidou MP, Chrissoulidis DP. · 2003
Researchers used a versatile eccentric-spheres model of the human head to investigate radio-wave absorption. Specific absorption rate maps showed hot spots in the eyes and near the center of the brain. Numerical results were presented for total, percentage, and gram-specific absorption using an exact analytical solution. The model focused on the brain and eyes of an adult or infant head.
Marino AA, Nilsen E, Frilot C · 2003
Researchers exposed rabbits to cell phone radiation (800 MHz, 600 mW) simulating normal human use and measured EEG changes using a nonlinear recurrence analysis. The EEG was significantly affected in nine of ten rabbits, with increased randomness beginning about 100 ms after field onset and lasting approximately 300 ms. Control experiments showed no effect after sacrifice or when the antenna was moved to the chest, indicating the effect required brain energy absorption.
Laberge-Nadeau C et al. · 2003
This epidemiological study compared cell phone users and non-users to assess the association with road crashes. The relative risk for all collisions and injury collisions was 38% higher for men and women who used cell phones. After adjusting for kilometres driven and driving habits, the relative risks diminished to 1.1 for men and 1.2 for women. A dose-response relationship was found between frequency of cell phone use and crash risks.
Hocking B, Westerman R. · 2003
Hardell L et al. · 2003
The aim of the study was to investigate vestibular schwannoma, tinnitus, and cellular telephones. An increased odds ratio of 3.45 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.77-6.76 was found for vestibular schwannoma associated with analogue cell phone use. The age-standardized incidence of vestibular schwannoma in Sweden increased significantly by 2.53% per year from 1960 to 1998, with the increase only significant in the period 1980-1998.
Hardell L, Mild KH, Carlberg M. · 2003
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 1,617 patients aged 20-80 with histopathology-verified brain tumours diagnosed from 1997 to 2000, each matched to a control from the Swedish Population Register. Tumours in the temporal area on the same side as phone use had higher risk for analogue phones (OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.2-4.1), acoustic neurinoma risk was OR=4.4 (95% CI=2.1-9.2) for analogue users, and risk rose per year of analogue use (OR=1.04 per year, 95% CI=1.01-1.08).
Dimbylow P, Khalid M, Mann S. · 2003
Researchers performed FDTD calculations of SAR from a representative TETRA handset in an anatomically realistic head model. The handset operating at 1 W in normal use complied with both ICNIRP occupational and public exposure restrictions. The handset with a monopole antenna operating at 3 W in normal use also complied with both ICNIRP occupational and public exposure restrictions. The handset with a helical antenna at 3 W complied with the occupational restriction but exceeded the public restriction by up to 50% if held at the maximum SAR position for 6 minutes continuously. Calculations covered handset positions in front of the face and at both sides of the head.
D'Costa H et al. · 2003
Researchers recorded EEG from ten awake subjects while a mobile phone behind the head emitted radiofrequency fields. The study tested a GSM phone at full radiated power and a phone in active standby mode, each with five active and five sham exposures in randomized five-minute intervals. The experiment was single-blind and compared average EEG band power between active and sham recordings. Statistical tests showed significant differences in the full-power trial for EEG alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (13-32 Hz) bands. Analysis of median spectral power across 32 discrete frequencies found significant differences in 7 frequencies overall.
Cranfield C, Wieser HG, Al Madan J, Dobson J. · 2003
Researchers tested a bacterial analogue (Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum) that produces intracellular biogenic magnetite similar to that in the human brain. Exposure to mobile phone emissions resulted in a significantly higher proportion of cell death in exposed cultures versus sham exposure (p = 0.037). The authors noted it is not yet clear whether this would extrapolate to a deleterious health effect in humans.
Bit-Babik G et al. · 2003
Researchers investigated the estimation of SAR in the human head and body from handheld mobile phones with hands-free accessories. The results show that the opposite is observed when proper dosimetric methods are employed. Human phantoms for such measurements should include the torso, not just the head, because the body strongly attenuates RF energy coupled into the accessory leads. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements agree that hands-free accessories decrease RF energy exposure in the human head.
Anderson V. · 2003
The study aimed to examine the scale and significance of differences in peak specific energy absorption rate (SAR) in the brains of children and adults exposed to radiofrequency emissions from mobile phones. Model analyses using a three-layered spherical head exposed to a dipole at 900 MHz showed that peak brain 10 g averaged SAR in 4, 8, 12, and 16 year olds increased by factors of 1.31, 1.23, 1.15, and 1.07 compared to an average adult. The researchers concluded that the relatively small scale of these increases does not warrant special precautionary measures for child mobile phone users.
Yamaguchi H et al. · 2003
Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to pulsed 1439 MHz TDMA fields at a brain SAR of 7.5 W/kg for 1 hour daily over 4 days or 4 weeks. Other rats were exposed at a brain SAR of 25 W/kg for 45 minutes daily for 4 days. Rats exposed at 25 W/kg for 4 days showed statistically significant decreases in correct choices in a T-maze reversal task, while rats exposed at 7.5 W/kg for 4 days or 4 weeks showed no performance impairments. Intraperitoneal temperature increased only at the 25 W/kg exposure level. The authors concluded that TDMA fields at levels about four times higher than cell phone emissions do not affect learning and memory when no thermal effects occur.
Huber R et al. · 2003
Wilén J, Sandström M, Hansson Mild K · 2003
Researchers selected 2,402 people from an epidemiological study who used any of the four most common GSM MP. The study combined data on symptom prevalence, calling time per day, and number of calls per day with measurements of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The results indicated that SAR values above 0.5 W/kg may be an important factor for the prevalence of some symptoms, especially in combination with long calling times per day.
Takahashi S et al. · 2002
Researchers investigated the mutagenic potential of 1.5 GHz electromagnetic near fields using brain tissues of Big Blue mice. Male BBM were locally exposed to EMF in the head region at 2.0, 0.67, and 0 W/kg specific absorption rate for 90 min/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. There was no significant variation in the frequency of independent mutations of the lacI transgene in the brains. Deletion mutations were slightly increased in both the high and low EMF exposure groups as compared with the sham-exposed group, but the differences were not statistically significant.
Dubreuil D, Jay T, Edeline JM. · 2002
Vangelova K, Israel M, Mihaylov S. · 2002
Researchers studied 12 male satellite station operators during 24-hour shifts and compared them with 12 unexposed controls. Exposure was low-level with specific absorption of 0.1127 J.kg-1. Exposed operators had significantly increased 24-hour excretion of 11-OCS and disrupted circadian rhythm, including increased mesor, decreased amplitude, and shifted acrophase. Catecholamine excretion rates also changed significantly with greater variability.
Thompson CJ, Anderson V, Rowley JT. · 2002
The broad objective was to assess radiofrequency exposure limits, hazard thresholds, and safety factors using probabilistic risk analysis. Analysis of SAR variables including conductivity and permittivity of grey brain matter and radiated field strengths supported the hypothesis that SAR values are lognormally distributed. The probability that SAR exceeds a threshold was derived and shown to be very low for handset SARs relative to allowable standard limits. The analysis focused on peak radiofrequency SAR values in the brain from digital mobile telephones operating at approximately 900 MHz.
Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O · 2002
The authors reported on five young patients who developed brain tumors within 10 years of initial occupational radar exposure. Four of the patients were less than 30 years old at the time of diagnosis.
Muscat JE et al. · 2002
The hypothesis that intracranial energy deposition from handheld cellular telephones causes acoustic neuroma was tested in an epidemiologic study of 90 patients and 86 control subjects. The relative risk was 0.9 (p = 0.07) and did not vary significantly by the frequency, duration, and lifetime hours of use. In patients who used cellular telephones, the tumor occurred more often on the contralateral than ipsilateral side of the head. Further efforts should focus on potentially longer induction periods.
Leszczynski D, Joenväärä S, Reivinen J, Kuokka R · 2002
Researchers exposed human endothelial EA.hy926 cells to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiation for 1-hour and observed changes in phosphorylation of many proteins. The exposure transiently increased phosphorylation of hsp27 and altered expression levels of hsp27 and p38MAPK, and this phosphorylation increase was prevented by a p38MAPK inhibitor. The culture temperature remained at 37 +/- 0.3 degrees C throughout the exposure, confirming non-thermal effects. The authors hypothesized that mobile phone radiation-induced activation of hsp27 may facilitate brain cancer by inhibiting the cytochrome c/caspase-3 apoptotic pathway and increase blood-brain barrier permeability by stabilizing endothelial cell stress fibers.
Lam LT. · 2002
The exploratory study investigated associations between inside and outside vehicle distractions and car crash injury risk across driver ages. Results showed drivers of all ages were more susceptible to inside-vehicle distractions than outside distractions. Age affected the relationship between in-vehicle distraction and crash injury risk. A separate analysis examined hand-held phone usage while driving. The study used a case series design with NSW police data in Australia.
Jenness JW, Lattanzio RJ, O'Toole M, Taylor N, Pax C. · 2002
Researchers measured driving performance in a video driving simulator for 24 volunteers on a 10.6-km course under voice-activated dialing, manual dialing, and no dialing. Voice-activated dialing resulted in 22% fewer lane-keeping errors and 56% fewer glances away from the road compared to manual dialing. Driving times were significantly longer in both dialing conditions compared to the no-dialing condition.
HuberR et al. · 2002
Hardell L, Mild KH, Carlsberg M. · 2002
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 649 patients aged 20-80 with malignant brain tumours diagnosed between 1997 and 2000 in Sweden, matched with controls from the Swedish Population Register. Overall, no significantly increased risks were found for analogue, digital, or cordless phone use.
