Hardell L et al. · 2002
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 1617 patients aged 20 to 80 with histopathologically verified brain tumours diagnosed between 1997 and 2000 in Sweden. Exposure to analogue cellular telephones was assessed by questionnaire and showed an overall increased odds ratio of 1.3 for brain tumours. The risk was higher for tumours on the same side of the head as phone use (OR 2.5) and for acoustic neurinoma (OR 3.5), while no clear association was found for digital or cordless phones.
Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. · 2002
Thirty-eight healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to an experimental group exposed to a 900 MHz mobile phone for 30 minutes or a control group with the phone switched off. Cognitive performance was assessed before exposure and at 15 and 30 minutes post-exposure using six neuropsychological tests. Significant differences appeared after 5 minutes on digit span forwards, spatial span backwards, and serial subtraction, with performance facilitated in the exposed group.
Croft R et al. · 2002
The study tested whether exposure to an active MP affects EEG as a function of time. MP exposure also altered early phase-locked neural responses, attenuating the normal response decrement over time in the 4-8 Hz band, decreasing the response in the 1230 Hz band globally and as a function of time, and increasing midline frontal and lateral posterior responses in the 30-45 Hz band.
Braune S, Riedel A, Schulte-Monting J, Raczek J. · 2002
The study investigated the hypothesis that exposure to EMFs can increase sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. Forty healthy young males and females underwent a single-blind, placebo-controlled protocol on two different days with randomized EMF and placebo periods. The EMF exposure was a GSM-like signal at 900 MHz, pulsed with 217 Hz, 2 W, delivered by a mobile phone on the right side of the head. Blood pressure, heart rate, cutaneous capillary perfusion, and serum levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, and endothelin were measured. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased about 5 mmHg during the protocol, but the changes were independent of EMF exposure.
Beason RC, Semm P. · 2002
Researchers investigated the effects of a pulsed 900 MHz signal modulated at 217 Hz on avian brain neurons. The stimulation changed neural activity in more than half of the brain cells. 76% of responding cells increased their firing rates by an average of 3.5-fold. The remaining responding cells decreased their spontaneous activity rates. The authors suggested these responses indicate potential effects on humans using hand-held cellular phones.
Auvinen A, Hietanen M, Luukkonen R, Koskela R-S, · 2002
Researchers conducted a register-based case-control study on cellular phone use and cancer. The study included all cases of brain tumor (N = 398) and salivary gland cancer (N = 34) diagnosed in Finland in 1996, with five controls per case. Cellular phone use was not associated with brain tumors or salivary gland cancers overall. There was a weak association between gliomas and analog cellular phones.
Irmak MK et al. · 2002
Researchers investigated the influence of electromagnetic radiation from a digital GSM mobile telephone at 900 MHz on oxidant and antioxidant levels in rabbits. They measured adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, catalase, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activities, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels in sera and brains of exposed and sham-exposed rabbits. Serum SOD activity increased and serum NO levels decreased in exposed rabbits compared to sham-exposed rabbits, while other parameters did not change.
Testylier G, Tonduli L, Malabiau R, Debouzy JC · 2002
Rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave at 2 or 4 mW/cm(2) for 1 h during the day, or to 800 MHz modulated at 32 Hz at 200 mW/cm(2) for 1 or 14 h during the night. Exposure at 4 mW/cm(2) caused a significant 40% decrease in mean acetylcholine release from hippocampus, maximal at 5 h post exposure. Fourteen-hour nighttime exposure at 800 MHz induced a significant 43% decrease in acetylcholine release during 11 p.m.-4 a.m. compared to control rats.
Paulraj R, Behari J · 2002
Researchers exposed 35-day-old Wistar rats to low-level continuous 2.45 GHz microwaves for 2 hr/day over 35 days at a power density of 0.34 mW/cm2 with a specific absorption rate of 0.1 W/kg. Exposed rats showed a significant increase in calcium ion efflux and ornithine decarboxylase activity and a significant decrease in calcium-dependent protein kinase activity in brain tissue. The authors suggested that the radiation affects membrane-bound enzymes linked to cell proliferation and differentiation, indicating a possible tumor-promoting role.
Lass L et al. · 2002
The study enrolled 100 subjects (37 female, 63 male) and randomly assigned them to an exposed group (10-20 min, 0.158 mW cm(-2)) or a sham-exposed group. The aim was to examine low-level 7 Hz-modulated 450 MHz radiation effects on human performance in visually presented neuropsychological tasks associated with attention and short-term memory. A battery of three different tests measured attention and short-term memory. The results of tasks 1 and 3 showed a significant increase in variances of errors (p<0.05) in the exposed versus the sham-exposed group. The results of task 2 indicated a significant decrease in errors (p<0.05) in the exposed group.
Finnie JW et al. · 2002
The study was designed to examine the effect of long-term exposure to global system for mobile communication (GSM) radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in murine brains. Mice were given a 60-minute far-field, whole body exposure on each of 5 days per week for 104 weeks at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.25, 1.0,2.0 and 4.0 W/kg. In all exposed and control groups, albumin extravasation was minimal and was deemed insignificant.
Zook BC, Simmens SJ, · 2001
Researchers exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to 860 MHz pulsed or continuous radiofrequency radiation for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week from 2 up to 24 months of age. The specific absorption rate was 1.0 W/ kg averaged over the brain. The rats were offspring of females injected intravenously with 0, 2.5, or 10 mg/kg ethylnitrosourea to induce brain tumors. There was no statistically significant evidence that the radiation induced neoplasia in any tissues or promoted cranial or spinal nerve or spinal cord tumors. The radiation had no statistically significant effect on brain tumor number, volume, location, multiplicity, histological type, malignancy, or fatality.
Stagg RB et al. · 2001
Researchers exposed tube-restrained Fischer 344 rats to pulse-modulated 1.6 GHz Iridium cell phone fields at brain SARs of 0.16, 1.6 and 5 W/ kg for 2 hours. Core body temperature increased transiently by about 0.3 degrees C during the first 30 minutes of loose-tube restraint in conditioned animals. Immobilization alone caused a nearly 10-fold rise in ACTH and corticosterone in conditioned rats, and non-conditioned rats showed 3-10-fold higher hormone levels at 120 minutes. RF exposure did not change core body temperature, corticosterone, ACTH, or brain Odc, Fos, Jun mRNA compared with sham-exposed immobilized animals. The authors concluded that the pulse-modulated digital Iridium RF field at SARs up to 5 W/kg is incapable of altering these stress-related responses.
Sandstrom M, Wilen J, Oftedal G, Hansson Mild K · 2001
Researchers conducted an epidemiological investigation including 6379 GSM users and 5613 NMT 900 users in Sweden, and 2500 from each category in Norway. The adjusted odds ratio did not indicate any increased risk for symptoms for GSM users compared with NMT 900 users. However, a statistically significant lower risk for sensations of warmth on the ear was observed for GSM users compared with NMT 900 users. A statistically significant association was found between calling time or number of calls per day and the prevalence of warmth behind or around the ear, headaches, and fatigue.
Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH, · 2001
A retrospective cohort study in Denmark included 420 095 cellular telephone users from 1982 through 1995. Cancer incidence was determined by linkage with the Danish Cancer Registry. Overall, 3391 cancers were observed with 3825 expected, yielding a significantly decreased standardized incidence ratio of 0.89. No excess risk was found for brain or nervous system tumors, salivary gland cancer, or leukemia. The results do not support an association between cellular telephone use and these cancers.
Inskip PD et al. · 2001
Researchers conducted a case-control study of intracranial tumors between 1994 and 1998. They enrolled 782 patients with glioma, meningioma, or acoustic neuroma and 799 controls. Cumulative use of more than 100 hours showed relative risks of 0.9 for glioma, 0.7 for meningioma, 1.4 for acoustic neuroma, and 1.0 for all tumors combined. No higher risks were seen for use of 60 or more minutes per day or regular use for five or more years. Tumors did not occur more often on the side of the head where the telephone was typically used.
Santini R et al. · 2001
Researchers conducted a questionnaire survey of 161 students and workers at a French engineering school about symptoms during digital cellular phone use. Users of 1800-MHz phones reported significantly more concentration difficulties than users of 900-MHz phones. Women using cellular phones complained of sleep disturbance significantly more often than men. Using both cellular phones and VDT significantly increased concentration difficulties. Longer daily calling duration and more calls per day were associated with more ear discomfort, warmth, and pricking.
Peyman A, Rezazadeh AA, Gabriel C · 2001
Researchers measured dielectric properties of ten rat tissues at six ages from 130 MHz to 10 GHz. Results showed a general decrease in dielectric properties with age. The decrease was more apparent in brain, skull, and skin tissues than in abdominal tissues. The variation was attributed to changes in water content and organic composition.
Lebedeva NN et al. · 2001
Hocking B · 2001
The paper describes early reports of microwave sickness from Eastern Europe and notes Western scepticism about them. It also considers recent reports by Western specialists and a possible neurological basis for the condition. The paper concludes that microwave sickness is a medical entity that should be recognized as a possible risk for radiofrequency radiation workers.
Hardell L, Hansson Mild K, Pahlson A, Hallquist A · 2001
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 233 patients aged 20-80 with histopathologically verified brain tumours, using two matched controls per case from the Swedish Population Register. Workers in the chemical industry had an odds ratio of 4.10 (95% CI 1.25-13.4) and laboratory workers an odds ratio of 3.21 (95% CI 1.16-8.85). Radiotherapy of the head and neck region gave an odds ratio of 3.61 (95% CI 0.65-19.9), medical diagnostic X-ray of the same area yielded an odds ratio of 1.64 (95% CI 1.04-2.58), and work as a physician gave an odds ratio of 6.00 (95% CI 0.62-57.7). Ipsilateral cellular telephone use increased the risk of tumours in the temporal, temporoparietal, and occipital areas with an odds ratio of 2.42 (95% CI 0.97-6.05).
Tattersall JE et al. · 2001
Mausset A, de Seze R, Montpeyroux F, Privat A · 2001
Researchers injected rats with gamma-vinyl-GABA to increase GABA levels and then used immunohistochemistry and image analysis to measure cerebellar GABA content. They exposed rats to 900 MHz pulsed radiofrequency at 4 W/kg SAR and continuous waves at 32 W/kg SAR. Pulsed exposure selectively reduced the stained processes area in the Purkinje cell layer, while continuous exposure decreased optical density in all three cell layers. The authors noted that it is unknown whether these effects are partly due to local tissue heating.
Finnie JW et al. · 2001
Researchers studied the effect of GSM radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in the mouse brain using an exposure system operating at 898.4 MHz. Mice were given a single whole-body exposure for 60 minutes at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg, while control mice were sham-exposed or permitted free movement in a cage. No significant difference in albumin extravasation was detected between any of the groups.
Tsurita G, Nagawa H, Ueno S, Watanabe S, Taki M, · 2000
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a 1439 MHz TDMA field. Exposure lasted one hour a day for two or four weeks. The study assessed blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebellar morphology, and body mass.
