Hamblin DL, Wood AW, Croft RJ, Stough C. · 2004
Twelve participants completed two sessions one week apart, performing an auditory oddball task during active mobile phone exposure and sham exposure. Each exposure condition lasted one hour and the order was counterbalanced. Real exposure reduced N100 amplitude and latency to non-targets, with larger reductions over midline and right hemisphere sites. Reaction time increased during real exposure, but accuracy did not differ.
Grant H, Heirman D, Kuriger G, Ravindran MM. · 2004
The study investigated electromagnetic interaction between current cell phone technology and specific models of Cyberonics neural stimulators. Out of 1080 test runs conducted, no interactions were observed. The phone technologies examined did not adversely affect the Cyberonics NeuroStar Model 102 NeuroCybernetic Prosthesis System.
Charlton SG. · 2004
The experiment compared three types of curve warnings across three different curve types in a driving simulator. All warnings worked reasonably well for severe curves at 45 km/h regardless of cell phone task demands. For less demanding curves, only warnings with a strong perceptual component reduced drivers' curve speeds in the presence of the cell phone task.
Bergamaschi A, Magrini A, Ales G, Coppetta L, Somma G. · 2004
The study aimed to analyze the effects of mobile phone use on thyroid function and evaluate the role of occupational stress. It included 2598 employees with different duties, assessing mobile phone exposure via questionnaire and conversation times. No significant difference in TSH values below 0.4 UI/l was found among workers with different duties, but employees with more than 33 hours per month of conversation time had a significantly greater prevalence of low SH values. The researchers could not determine whether this result was due to EMF exposure or stress.
Berg G, Schuz J, Samkange-Zeeb F, Blettner M. · 2004
Researchers validated self-reported mobile phone use by comparing it with cumulative emitted power measured by software-modified phones used by 45 volunteers for one month. Self-reported call number correlated with cumulative power at 0.50 and call duration at 0.48, each explaining about 23% of the variance in emitted power. Adding confounding factors such as network provider, contract form, and phone model increased explained variance to 26%, while using the phone while driving or in urban or rural areas showed no association with cumulative power.
Barkana Y, Zadok D, Morad Y, Avni I. · 2004
Twenty male and 21 female healthy participants performed a pretest and baseline Esterman visual field examinations with the Humphrey Systems Visual Field Analyzer II. During the consequent third examination, each participant engaged in a hands-free conversation using a cellular phone. During phone conversation, missed points increased significantly in both eyes, fixation loss increased, and test duration per stimulus increased by 15%. Approximately half of missed points were inside the central 30 degrees, and there was no significant difference between male and female participants.
Al-Khlaiwi T, Meo SA. · 2004
Researchers conducted a study in Saudi Arabia with 437 mobile phone users. The results showed an association between mobile phone use and health hazards, with headache at 21.6%, sleep disturbance at 4.%, tension at 3.9%, fatigue at 3%, and dizziness at 2.4%. The authors concluded that mobile phone use is a risk factor for health hazards and recommended avoiding long-term or excessive use through health promotion activities.
Ilhan A et al. · 2004
Researchers investigated the effect of Ginkgo biloba on mobile phone-induced oxidative damage in rat brain tissue. Mobile phone exposure increased malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, xanthine oxidase, and adenosine deaminase while decreasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in brain tissue. Ginkgo biloba treatment prevented these oxidative alterations and the mobile phone-induced cellular injury in brain tissue.
Kramarenko AV, Tan U. · 2003
Researchers used a 16-channel telemetric electroencephalograph to record EEG changes during exposure of the human skull to EMF from a mobile phone. During exposure, median frequency increased in areas close to the antenna after 10-15 seconds, and slow-wave activity (2.5-6.0 Hz) appeared in contralateral frontal and temporal areas after 20-40 seconds. The slow waves lasted about one second and repeated every 15-20 seconds, and both the slow-wave activity and increased median frequency disappeared after the phone was turned off.
Kizilay A et al. · 2003
Researchers investigated the effects of chronic mobile phone EMF exposure on the inner ear of adult and developing rats using distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). In a sham-controlled design, seven of 14 adult rats and four newborn rats were exposed to mobile phone EMF for 1 hour per day over 30 days, while seven adult rats served as controls. DPOAEs were measured before and after exposure, and no measurable EMF-associated changes were found in either adult or developing rats (P>0.05).
Kainz W, Alesch F, Chan DD. · 2003
Researchers tested 10 GSM phones at 900 MHz and 10 at 1800 MHz on the ITREL-III deep brain stimulator in a phantom model. At maximum phone power of 2 W at 900 MHz and 1 W at 1800 MHz, no influence on the stimulator was observed, and pulse shape and single pulses remained unchanged. However, tests with continuous-wave signals showed inhibition occurs at power levels below GSM phone emissions, with the device more sensitive at 1800 MHz than at 900 MHz and a very low interference threshold around 1500 MHz. The authors concluded no direct risk for patients using the tested phones but recommended precautions similar to cardiac pacemaker guidelines.
Kahn AA et al. · 2003
Researchers analysed the association between mobile phone use and the anatomical distribution of glial brain tumours in Irish neurosurgical patients. Fifty mobile phone users and twenty three non-users were identified. Fisher's exact test revealed no statistical significance for glioma location based on handedness in the mobile phone user group and for tumour location in both user and non-user groups.
Haarala C et al. · 2003
Fourteen healthy right-handed subjects were scanned using PET with a [15O]water tracer during exposure to electromagnetic field emitted by a mobile phone and a sham-exposure under double-blind conditions. During scanning, the subjects performed a visual working memory task. Exposure to an active mobile phone produced a relative decrease in regional cerebral blood flow bilaterally in the auditory cortex but no rCBF changes were observed in the area of maximum EMF. The researchers considered it more likely that the findings resulted from an auditory signal from the active mobile phone and stated it is not reasoned to attribute the finding to the EMF emitted by the phone.
Haarala C et al. · 2003
Sixty-four subjects (32 men, 32 women) in two independent laboratories performed nine cognitive tasks twice, once with the EMF on and once with it off. Reaction times and accuracy were recorded, and the order of exposure and tasks was counterbalanced across subjects and gender. There were no statistically significant differences in performance between genders or laboratories. The previous results were not replicated, and the researchers concluded that EMF had no effect on reaction times or accuracy.
Golden C, Golden CJ, Schneider B. · 2003
Researchers evaluated how cell phones and speaking interfere with visual attention skills using the Connors Continuous Performance Test II. Licensed adult drivers were divided into three groups of 15 each: no distraction, conversation with someone in the room, and cell phone conversation. There were substantial differences among groups, primarily between the control group and the two experimental groups. The cell phone group had lower mean scores than the talking group, but the differences were not significant. Cell phones were distracting to visual attention functions on the Connors task, but not more distracting than a similarly active conversation without a cell phone.
Strayer DL, Drews FA, Johnston WA. · 2003
Researchers examined the effects of hands-free cell phone conversations on simulated driving. They found that conversations impaired driver's reactions to vehicles braking in front of them. Cell phone conversations also impaired explicit recognition memory for roadside billboards. Eye-tracking data indicated reduced attention to foveal information. The data suggest that driving impairment is mediated, at least in part, by reduced attention to visual inputs.
Smythe JW, Costall B. · 2003
The study examined the effects of mobile phone exposure on short- and long-term memory in male and female university students. Participants were randomly assigned to no phone exposure, inactive phone exposure, or active phone exposure conditions. They memorized words arranged in a two-dimensional shape for three minutes, completed a 12-minute distraction task, then drew the shape and placed words, and repeated the task one week later. Error scores were analyzed using non-parametric techniques. Males exposed to an active phone made fewer spatial errors than those exposed to an active phone condition, while females were largely unaffected.
Santini R, Santini P, Le Ruz P, Danze JM, Seigne M · 2003
Researchers conducted a questionnaire survey of 530 people living or not in proximity to cellular phone base stations. They found that nausea, loss of appetite, and visual disturbances were reported up to 10 m, irritability, depressive tendencies, and lowered libido up to 100 m, and headaches, sleep disturbances, and discomfort up to 200 m. Fatigue was the only symptom significantly more frequent in the 200-300 m zone compared with those living farther away or not exposed. Women reported seven of the eighteen symptoms significantly more often than men at distances up to 300 m. Significant differences were also observed by age and by location relative to antennas and other electromagnetic factors.
Salford LG, Brun AR, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Persson BRR · 2003
Three groups of eight rats each were exposed for two hours to GSM mobile phone electromagnetic fields of different strengths. The researchers found highly significant evidence for neuronal damage in the cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia of exposed rats. The study investigated whether pathological leakage across the blood-brain barrier might be combined with damage to neurons.
Matthews R, Legg S, Charlton S · 2003
Researchers measured subjective workload and speech intelligibility in 13 experienced drivers using three cell phone types while driving on a rural highway. All phone types increased workload components significantly compared to driving without a phone. Personal hands-free phones had the lowest total workload (7.1) and highest intelligibility (74.1), while hands-free speaker phones had the highest workload (10.8) and lowest intelligibility (55.0). Frustration correlated with total workload (0.60) and negatively with intelligibility (-0.35), while physical demand contributed little to total workload.
Marino AA, Nilsen E, Frilot C · 2003
Researchers exposed rabbits to cell phone radiation (800 MHz, 600 mW) simulating normal human use and measured EEG changes using a nonlinear recurrence analysis. The EEG was significantly affected in nine of ten rabbits, with increased randomness beginning about 100 ms after field onset and lasting approximately 300 ms. Control experiments showed no effect after sacrifice or when the antenna was moved to the chest, indicating the effect required brain energy absorption.
Lee TM, Lam PK, Yee LT, Chan CC. · 2003
The study examined how duration of exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic fields affects human attention. Seventy-eight university students were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups and completed attention tasks. The experimental group performed better on one of two attention measures after exposure to the electromagnetic field.
Laberge-Nadeau C et al. · 2003
This epidemiological study compared cell phone users and non-users to assess the association with road crashes. The relative risk for all collisions and injury collisions was 38% higher for men and women who used cell phones. After adjusting for kilometres driven and driving habits, the relative risks diminished to 1.1 for men and 1.2 for women. A dose-response relationship was found between frequency of cell phone use and crash risks.
Jarupat S, Kawabata A, Tokura H, Borkiewicz A. · 2003
The study aimed to investigate effects of the 1900 MHz electromagnetic field emitted from a cellular phone on nocturnal melatonin secretion. Exposure to cellular phone EMF caused a significant reduction in salivary melatonin in female human subjects.
Hardell L et al. · 2003
The aim of the study was to investigate vestibular schwannoma, tinnitus, and cellular telephones. An increased odds ratio of 3.45 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.77-6.76 was found for vestibular schwannoma associated with analogue cell phone use. The age-standardized incidence of vestibular schwannoma in Sweden increased significantly by 2.53% per year from 1960 to 1998, with the increase only significant in the period 1980-1998.
