Marino AA, Nilsen E, Frilot C · 2003
Researchers exposed rabbits to cell phone radiation (800 MHz, 600 mW) simulating normal human use and measured EEG changes using a nonlinear recurrence analysis. The EEG was significantly affected in nine of ten rabbits, with increased randomness beginning about 100 ms after field onset and lasting approximately 300 ms. Control experiments showed no effect after sacrifice or when the antenna was moved to the chest, indicating the effect required brain energy absorption.
Hocking B, Westerman R. · 2003
Hardell L et al. · 2003
The aim of the study was to investigate vestibular schwannoma, tinnitus, and cellular telephones. An increased odds ratio of 3.45 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.77-6.76 was found for vestibular schwannoma associated with analogue cell phone use. The age-standardized incidence of vestibular schwannoma in Sweden increased significantly by 2.53% per year from 1960 to 1998, with the increase only significant in the period 1980-1998.
Hardell L, Mild KH, Carlberg M. · 2003
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 1,617 patients aged 20-80 with histopathology-verified brain tumours diagnosed from 1997 to 2000, each matched to a control from the Swedish Population Register. Tumours in the temporal area on the same side as phone use had higher risk for analogue phones (OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.2-4.1), acoustic neurinoma risk was OR=4.4 (95% CI=2.1-9.2) for analogue users, and risk rose per year of analogue use (OR=1.04 per year, 95% CI=1.01-1.08).
D'Costa H et al. · 2003
Researchers recorded EEG from ten awake subjects while a mobile phone behind the head emitted radiofrequency fields. The study tested a GSM phone at full radiated power and a phone in active standby mode, each with five active and five sham exposures in randomized five-minute intervals. The experiment was single-blind and compared average EEG band power between active and sham recordings. Statistical tests showed significant differences in the full-power trial for EEG alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (13-32 Hz) bands. Analysis of median spectral power across 32 discrete frequencies found significant differences in 7 frequencies overall.
Cranfield C, Wieser HG, Al Madan J, Dobson J. · 2003
Researchers tested a bacterial analogue (Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum) that produces intracellular biogenic magnetite similar to that in the human brain. Exposure to mobile phone emissions resulted in a significantly higher proportion of cell death in exposed cultures versus sham exposure (p = 0.037). The authors noted it is not yet clear whether this would extrapolate to a deleterious health effect in humans.
Anderson V. · 2003
The study aimed to examine the scale and significance of differences in peak specific energy absorption rate (SAR) in the brains of children and adults exposed to radiofrequency emissions from mobile phones. Model analyses using a three-layered spherical head exposed to a dipole at 900 MHz showed that peak brain 10 g averaged SAR in 4, 8, 12, and 16 year olds increased by factors of 1.31, 1.23, 1.15, and 1.07 compared to an average adult. The researchers concluded that the relatively small scale of these increases does not warrant special precautionary measures for child mobile phone users.
Yamaguchi H et al. · 2003
Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to pulsed 1439 MHz TDMA fields at a brain SAR of 7.5 W/kg for 1 hour daily over 4 days or 4 weeks. Other rats were exposed at a brain SAR of 25 W/kg for 45 minutes daily for 4 days. Rats exposed at 25 W/kg for 4 days showed statistically significant decreases in correct choices in a T-maze reversal task, while rats exposed at 7.5 W/kg for 4 days or 4 weeks showed no performance impairments. Intraperitoneal temperature increased only at the 25 W/kg exposure level. The authors concluded that TDMA fields at levels about four times higher than cell phone emissions do not affect learning and memory when no thermal effects occur.
Huber R et al. · 2003
Takahashi S et al. · 2002
Researchers investigated the mutagenic potential of 1.5 GHz electromagnetic near fields using brain tissues of Big Blue mice. Male BBM were locally exposed to EMF in the head region at 2.0, 0.67, and 0 W/kg specific absorption rate for 90 min/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. There was no significant variation in the frequency of independent mutations of the lacI transgene in the brains. Deletion mutations were slightly increased in both the high and low EMF exposure groups as compared with the sham-exposed group, but the differences were not statistically significant.
Dubreuil D, Jay T, Edeline JM. · 2002
Thompson CJ, Anderson V, Rowley JT. · 2002
The broad objective was to assess radiofrequency exposure limits, hazard thresholds, and safety factors using probabilistic risk analysis. Analysis of SAR variables including conductivity and permittivity of grey brain matter and radiated field strengths supported the hypothesis that SAR values are lognormally distributed. The probability that SAR exceeds a threshold was derived and shown to be very low for handset SARs relative to allowable standard limits. The analysis focused on peak radiofrequency SAR values in the brain from digital mobile telephones operating at approximately 900 MHz.
Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O · 2002
The authors reported on five young patients who developed brain tumors within 10 years of initial occupational radar exposure. Four of the patients were less than 30 years old at the time of diagnosis.
Leszczynski D, Joenväärä S, Reivinen J, Kuokka R · 2002
Researchers exposed human endothelial EA.hy926 cells to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiation for 1-hour and observed changes in phosphorylation of many proteins. The exposure transiently increased phosphorylation of hsp27 and altered expression levels of hsp27 and p38MAPK, and this phosphorylation increase was prevented by a p38MAPK inhibitor. The culture temperature remained at 37 +/- 0.3 degrees C throughout the exposure, confirming non-thermal effects. The authors hypothesized that mobile phone radiation-induced activation of hsp27 may facilitate brain cancer by inhibiting the cytochrome c/caspase-3 apoptotic pathway and increase blood-brain barrier permeability by stabilizing endothelial cell stress fibers.
Lam LT. · 2002
The exploratory study investigated associations between inside and outside vehicle distractions and car crash injury risk across driver ages. Results showed drivers of all ages were more susceptible to inside-vehicle distractions than outside distractions. Age affected the relationship between in-vehicle distraction and crash injury risk. A separate analysis examined hand-held phone usage while driving. The study used a case series design with NSW police data in Australia.
Jenness JW, Lattanzio RJ, O'Toole M, Taylor N, Pax C. · 2002
Researchers measured driving performance in a video driving simulator for 24 volunteers on a 10.6-km course under voice-activated dialing, manual dialing, and no dialing. Voice-activated dialing resulted in 22% fewer lane-keeping errors and 56% fewer glances away from the road compared to manual dialing. Driving times were significantly longer in both dialing conditions compared to the no-dialing condition.
HuberR et al. · 2002
Hardell L, Mild KH, Carlsberg M. · 2002
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 649 patients aged 20-80 with malignant brain tumours diagnosed between 1997 and 2000 in Sweden, matched with controls from the Swedish Population Register. Overall, no significantly increased risks were found for analogue, digital, or cordless phone use.
Hardell L et al. · 2002
Researchers conducted a case-control study of 1617 patients aged 20 to 80 with histopathologically verified brain tumours diagnosed between 1997 and 2000 in Sweden. Exposure to analogue cellular telephones was assessed by questionnaire and showed an overall increased odds ratio of 1.3 for brain tumours. The risk was higher for tumours on the same side of the head as phone use (OR 2.5) and for acoustic neurinoma (OR 3.5), while no clear association was found for digital or cordless phones.
Frick U, Rehm J, Eichhammer P. · 2002
A survey with random variation of three cognitive factors was performed to investigate risk perception, somatization, and self report of complaints related to electromagnetic fields. Age had no significant linear effect on EMF-related complaints. EMF-related complaints were reported more by females and people with higher somatization tendency.
Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. · 2002
Thirty-eight healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to an experimental group exposed to a 900 MHz mobile phone for 30 minutes or a control group with the phone switched off. Cognitive performance was assessed before exposure and at 15 and 30 minutes post-exposure using six neuropsychological tests. Significant differences appeared after 5 minutes on digit span forwards, spatial span backwards, and serial subtraction, with performance facilitated in the exposed group.
Croft R et al. · 2002
The study tested whether exposure to an active MP affects EEG as a function of time. MP exposure also altered early phase-locked neural responses, attenuating the normal response decrement over time in the 4-8 Hz band, decreasing the response in the 1230 Hz band globally and as a function of time, and increasing midline frontal and lateral posterior responses in the 30-45 Hz band.
Braune S, Riedel A, Schulte-Monting J, Raczek J. · 2002
The study investigated the hypothesis that exposure to EMFs can increase sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. Forty healthy young males and females underwent a single-blind, placebo-controlled protocol on two different days with randomized EMF and placebo periods. The EMF exposure was a GSM-like signal at 900 MHz, pulsed with 217 Hz, 2 W, delivered by a mobile phone on the right side of the head. Blood pressure, heart rate, cutaneous capillary perfusion, and serum levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol, and endothelin were measured. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased about 5 mmHg during the protocol, but the changes were independent of EMF exposure.
Beason RC, Semm P. · 2002
Researchers investigated the effects of a pulsed 900 MHz signal modulated at 217 Hz on avian brain neurons. The stimulation changed neural activity in more than half of the brain cells. 76% of responding cells increased their firing rates by an average of 3.5-fold. The remaining responding cells decreased their spontaneous activity rates. The authors suggested these responses indicate potential effects on humans using hand-held cellular phones.
Auvinen A, Hietanen M, Luukkonen R, Koskela R-S, · 2002
Researchers conducted a register-based case-control study on cellular phone use and cancer. The study included all cases of brain tumor (N = 398) and salivary gland cancer (N = 34) diagnosed in Finland in 1996, with five controls per case. Cellular phone use was not associated with brain tumors or salivary gland cancers overall. There was a weak association between gliomas and analog cellular phones.
