Othman H et al. · 2017
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 2.45 GHz WiFi signal for two hours daily throughout gestation. Offspring were assessed for physical and neurodevelopment during the first 17 postnatal days, anxiety at 28 days, motor behavior at 40-43 days, and cerebral oxidative stress and cholinesterase activity at 28 and 43 days. Prenatal WiFi exposure impaired early neurodevelopment but did not alter emotional or motor behavior in adulthood. It also increased oxidative stress markers and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities at 28 days but not at 43 days, and affected acetylcholinesterase activity in brain and serum.
Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. · 2017
Researchers randomly assigned 24 pregnant albino Wistar rats to four groups: control, WiFi-exposed, restrained, and both WiFi-exposed and restrained. Each WiFi exposure and restraint session lasted 2 hours per day throughout gestation until parturition. Prenatal WiFi exposure and restraint, separately and especially combined, adversely affected offspring physical development, neuromotor maturation, adult emotional responses, motor and exploratory behavior, brain oxidative stress, and serum biochemistry, with most impacts depending on offspring gender.
Türedi S, Hancı H, Çolakoğlu S, Kaya H, Odacı E. · 2016
Researchers exposed pregnant Sprague Dawley rats to continuous 900-MHz EMF for one hour daily on gestational days 13-21. Female offspring were evaluated on postnatal day 34 for ovarian follicle counts and histopathology. Exposed offspring showed significantly fewer primordial and tertiary follicles and more atretic follicles and higher apoptotic index than controls. Histopathology revealed severe follicle degeneration, vasocongestion, increased stromal fibrotic tissue, and cytoplasmic vacuolization in granulosa cells.
Safian F et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed mouse 2-cell embryos to EMF (900–1800 MHz) for 30 minutes per day over four days and compared them with unexposed controls. The rate of embryo survival to the blastocyst stage was similar in both groups. However, the percentage of dead embryos at the 2-cell stage was significantly higher in the EMF-exposed group, and loss of cell viability significantly increased in experimental blastocysts.
Odacı E et al. · 2016
Pregnant rats were exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 1 hour each day during days 13 to 21 of pregnancy. At 60 days old, offspring showed higher apoptotic index, greater DNA oxidation levels, and lower sperm motility and vitality compared to controls. Histopathological examination revealed immature germ cells in seminiferous tubule lumen and altered seminiferous tubule epithelium and structure. TUNEL staining showed nuclear changes indicating apoptosis with large numbers of apoptotic cells in most seminiferous tubule epithelium.
Erkut A et al. · 2016
Pregnant rats were exposed to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field for six, 12, or 24 hours daily for 20 days, and offspring were evaluated at 60 days after birth. Increasing prenatal exposure duration significantly reduced resting cartilage levels and increased apoptotic chondrocytes and myocytes. Calcineurin activity decreased in bone and muscle, and femur, tibia, and ulna development was impaired, especially with 24-hour daily exposure.
Odacı E et al. · 2016
Purkinje cell numbers in the cerebellum of 32-day-old female offspring were significantly lower in the EMF group compared to both control and sham groups. Pathological changes including pyknotic neurons with dark cytoplasm were observed in the EMF group.
Stasinopoulou M et al. · 2016
Boga A, Emre M, Sertdemir Y, Uncu İ, Binokay S, Demirhan O. · 2016
Researchers exposed adult Xenopus laevis frogs to GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation at 900 MHz for 8 hours a day over a 5-week period, then measured effects on the embryos produced from different combinations of exposed and unexposed parents. In the control group, 2.2% of embryos were abnormal and none were dead; when only males were exposed, embryo abnormality rose to 3.3% and dead embryos rose to 8.3%. When only females were exposed, abnormal and dead embryo rates each reached 11.7%; when both parents were exposed, dead embryos reached 15% and abnormal embryos reached 11.7%. Offspring of RF-exposed females also showed more aggressive behavior compared with the control group.
Gok DK et al. · 2016
Researchers divided Wistar albino female rats into four groups: a control group, a prenatal-exposure group, a postnatal-exposure group, and a combined prenatal-plus-postnatal-exposure group. Pregnant rats in the prenatal and combined groups were exposed to a 50 Hz electric field at 12 kV/m for 1 hour per day during pregnancy, while postnatal animals were exposed for 68 days after birth. The latencies of visual evoked potential components were significantly prolonged in all exposed groups compared with controls. Retina TBARS levels, a marker of lipid peroxidation, were significantly elevated in all experimental groups compared with controls.
Akpınar D et al. · 2016
Researchers exposed rats to an electric field at 12 kV/m for 1 hour per day, dividing them into control, prenatal, postnatal, and prenatal-plus-postnatal groups. The mismatch negativity amplitude was decreased in all exposed groups compared with the control group. Levels of 4-HNE, a marker of lipid peroxidation, were significantly increased in the postnatal group compared with the control group, while protein carbonyl levels were significantly decreased in the prenatal-plus-postnatal group compared with the control, prenatal, and postnatal groups.
Erdem Koç G et al. · 2016
Researchers established seven groups of pregnant rats and exposed some to 900 MHz EMF for 60 minutes per day during the gestation period. After birth, male rat pups were selected and the total number of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal region was counted using the optical fractionator technique. The total number of pyramidal cells in the EMF group was significantly lower than in the control, sham, EMF plus melatonin, and EMF plus omega-3 groups. No difference was observed between any groups in terms of rats' body or brain weights.
Sehitoglu I et al. · 2015
Pregnant rats were exposed to 900 MHz cell-phone radiation 24 hours a day for 20 days throughout pregnancy. Seven male offspring from each group were evaluated at 60 days, with testicular size, weight, histology, and serum testosterone measured. Exposed males had lower serum testosterone (3.51±0.21 ng/ml vs 4.04±0.47 ng/ml, p=0.018), higher caspase-3 activity (2.00±0.88 vs 1.00±0.63, p=0.026), and lower Johnsen scores (8.4±0.5 vs 9.4±0.5, p=0.010) than controls.
Sangun O, Dundar B, Darici H, Comlekci S, Doguc DK, Celik S · 2015
Researchers exposed female Wistar rats to a 2450 MHz electromagnetic field for one hour per day starting either prenatally or postnatally, with a sham-exposed control group. Prenatal exposure led to significantly lower daily mass gain and significantly later puberty. Brain and ovary total oxidant status and oxidative stress index were significantly increased in the prenatal group compared to the control group. Serum LH levels were increased in both prenatal and postnatal groups, while FSH and E2 did not differ among groups. Histological examinations showed no statistically significant differences between groups.
Mahmoudabadi FS, Ziaei S, Firoozabadi M, Kazemnejad A · 2015
Researchers conducted a case–control study enrolling 292 women with unexplained spontaneous abortion before 14 weeks gestation and 308 pregnant women beyond 14 weeks gestation. They collected data using two forms covering socioeconomic and obstetric characteristics, medical and reproductive history, lifestyles, and cell phone use during pregnancy. Mobile phone exposure was assessed by average daily calling time, phone location when not in use, hands-free use, other applications, manufacturer-reported SAR, and average effective SAR. All mobile phone related data differed between the groups except hands-free device use (p < 0.001).
Bedir R et al. · 2015
Researchers exposed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field during the first 20 days of pregnancy. Kidney tissue from exposed fetuses showed mild congestion, tubular defects, and dilatation of Bowman's capsule. Apoptosis assessed by caspase-3 staining was stronger in exposed renal tubular cells, and serum potassium was significantly higher in the exposed group while urea, creatinine and other electrolytes did not differ.
Yüksel M, Nazıroğlu M, Özkaya MO. · 2015
Researchers exposed pregnant rats and their offspring to 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation for 60 minutes daily during pregnancy and growth. Uterine lipid peroxidation increased in exposed groups while glutathione peroxidase activity and prolactin levels decreased in developing rats. In maternal rats, plasma prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone decreased while total oxidant status and body temperature increased. No changes occurred in reduced glutathione, total antioxidants, or vitamins A, C, and E in maternal uterine and plasma samples.
Ulubay M et al. · 2015
Researchers studied the effects of prenatal 900 MHz EMF exposure on kidney histology in four-week-old male rats using seven groups including EMF-exposed and supplement-treated groups. EMF exposure significantly increased mean kidney and cortex volume compared to controls. EMF exposure decreased the total number of glomeruli compared to controls. Melatonin and omega-3 supplementation prevented the adverse effects of EMF on the kidneys.
Topal Z et al. · 2015
Adult pregnant rats were divided into control and experimental groups, and the experimental group was exposed to a 900-MHz EMF for 1 h daily during days 13-21 of pregnancy. Male pups from both groups were sacrificed on postnatal day 21. Biochemical analyses showed increased malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase values and decreased glutathione levels in the exposed pups. Light microscopy revealed marked hydropic degeneration in the liver parenchyma, particularly in pericentral regions. Electron microscopy showed mitochondrial vacuolization, endoplasmic reticulum expansion, and necrotic hepatocytes.
Hancı H et al. · 2015
Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control and EMF groups, and the EMF group received 900 MHz EMF for 1 hour per day. Male pups were examined on postnatal day 21 for effects on spleen and thymus. In the thymus, malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher and glutathione levels significantly decreased in exposed pups compared to controls. In the spleen, malondialdehyde and glutathione levels increased while superoxide dismutase values decreased significantly. Transmission electron microscopy revealed pathological changes in cell morphology in both thymus and spleen tissues.
Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y, Zhang C. · 2015
Researchers investigated whether in utero exposure to 9.417-GHz microwave throughout gestation affected behavior in mouse offspring. Offspring showed less movement in the center of an open field and in an open arm of the elevated-plus maze, which the researchers interpreted as increased anxiety-related behavior. Offspring also showed reduced immobility in the tail suspension test and forced swimming test, which was interpreted as decreased depression-related behavior. In the Morris water maze, male offspring showed decreased learning and memory while female offspring were not affected, suggesting gender-dependent effects.
Unknown authors · 2014
Researchers used multiple imputation and propensity score matching on a cohort of 140,356 singleton live births in Northwest England to address missing data and residual confounding. For each of five imputed datasets, 115 exposed women living within 50 meters of an ELF-EMF source were matched to 1150 unexposed women. After doubly robust adjustment, close proximity to an ELF-EMF source was associated with a 116 g reduction in birth weight (95% CI: -224 to -7 g), while no effect was seen for proximity within 100 meters.
Lee SK et al · 2014
The energy generated by an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) is too weak to directly induce genotoxicity. However, it is reported that an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) is related to DNA strand breakage and apoptosis. The testes that conduct spermatogenesis through a dynamic cellular process involving meiosis and mitosis seem vulnerable to external stress such as heat, MF exposure, and chemical or physical agents. According to the ICNIRP 2010 guideline, epidemiologic studies have not consistently shown an association between human adverse reproductive outcomes and maternal or paternal exposure to low frequency fields. In animal studies there is no compelling evidence of a causal relationship between prenatal development and ELF-MF exposure.
Liorni I et al · 2014
Numerical computations were performed on high-resolution pregnant models at 3, 7, and 9 months of gestational age. Fetal whole-body and tissue-specific induced electric fields and current densities were analyzed as a function of magnetic field polarization and gestational age. The study also analyzed induced field variation due to changes in fetal position and calculated uncertainty from grid resolution.
Shirai T et al. · 2014
Researchers exposed rats to 2.14 GHz W-CDMA signals for 20 hours a day over three generations. No abnormalities were observed in mother rats or offspring across any biological parameters including neurobehavioral function. The study used three SAR levels: high (<0.24 W/kg), low (<0.08 W/kg), and sham exposure. Pregnant rats were exposed from gestational day 7 to weaning, and offspring were continuously exposed until 6 weeks of age.
