Vecchio F et al. · 2010
Researchers recorded eyes-closed resting EEG data from 16 healthy elderly subjects and 5 young subjects during GSM-on and GSM-off conditions lasting 45 minutes each. Spectral coherence measured inter-hemispheric synchronization across delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands. Elderly subjects showed a statistically significant increment of inter-hemispheric coherence of frontal and temporal alpha rhythms during the GSM condition compared to young subjects. The results suggest GSM-EMFs affect inter-hemispheric synchronization of alpha EEG rhythms as a function of physiological aging.
Danker-Hopfe H, Dorn H, Bahr A, Anderer P, Sauter C. · 2010
Croft RJ et al. · 2010
Researchers tested whether adolescents and the elderly are more sensitive to mobile phone-related bioeffects than young adults, using both 2G GSM and 3G W-CDMA exposures. Resting alpha activity in the 8-12 Hz band of the EEG was recorded and compared between conditions in a double-blind crossover design, with each participant receiving sham, 2G, and 3G exposures separated by at least 4 days. Young adults showed greater alpha activity in the 2G condition compared to sham, but no effect was found in adolescents or the elderly, and 3G exposure produced no effect in any group.
Xu S et al. · 2010
Researchers exposed primary cultured cortical neurons to pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 1800 MHz modulated by 217 Hz at an average specific absorption rate of 2 W/kg. At 24 hours after exposure, researchers found a significant increase in levels of 8-hydroxyguanine, a common biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, in the mitochondria of neurons. The copy number of mitochondrial DNA and the levels of mitochondrial RNA transcripts showed an obvious reduction after RF exposure. Each of these mitochondrial DNA disturbances could be reversed by pretreatment with melatonin.
Berg-Beckhoff G et al. · 2009
Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study in 2006 with 3526 participants living mainly in urban regions to test whether low-level RF-EMF from mobile phone base stations was related to health disturbances. Exposure was assessed with a dosimeter measuring different RF-EMF frequencies, and health outcomes were collected via postal questionnaires on sleep disturbances, headaches, health complaints, and mental and physical health. No differences in median health scores were found between exposed and non-exposed participants, and measured RF-EMFs were not associated with adverse health effects.
de Tommaso M et al. · 2009
Researchers evaluated whether 900 MHz GSM phone exposure changed a brain electrical measure called the initial contingent negative variation (iCNV) in healthy volunteers using a double blind design. Ten healthy right-handed volunteers were evaluated, each recorded during a 10 min time interval in each of the three experimental conditions: a real emitting phone, a sham phone whose power was dissipated internally, and a phone switched off. The iCNV amplitude decreased and habituation increased during both the real and sham phone conditions compared with the off condition, with no significant prevalence of iCNV amplitude reduction on the left side, where the phones were located.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Researchers studied the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on neuronal maturation using two in vitro models: murine SN56 cholinergic cells and rat primary cortical neurons. Cells were exposed at 1 W/kg at 900 MHz GSM modulated, and neurite emission, outgrowth, and branching were examined at multiple time points. RF-EMF exposure reduced the number of neurites in both cell systems, and this reduction correlated with increased expression of beta-thymosin mRNA.
Kleinlogel H et al. · 2008
Researchers tested 1950 MHz UMTS at SAR 0.1 and 1 W/kg and pulsed 900 MHz GSM at 1 W/kg on well-being and vigilance-controlled resting EEG in 15 healthy right-handed subjects. The study used a double-blind randomised crossover design. Neither UMTS nor GSM exposure produced significant changes in measured parameters compared to sham exposure. The results did not give evidence for a deleterious effect of the EMF on normal healthy mobile phone users.
Perentos N, Croft RJ, McKenzie RJ, Cvetkovic D, Cosic I. · 2008
Researchers investigated the effect of GSM-like ELF radiation on the alpha band of the human resting EEG. The study used a fully counterbalanced, double-blind, cross-over design with 72 healthy volunteers. A decrease in the alpha frequency band was observed during 20 minutes of ELF exposure in the exposed hemisphere only.
Sokolovic D et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to microwave radiation from a mobile test phone for 20, 40, and 60 days to evaluate oxidative stress in brain tissue and whether melatonin could reduce it. Exposure led to a significant increase in malondialdehyde and carbonyl group concentrations in brain tissue, along with decreased catalase activity and increased xanthine oxidase activity. Melatonin treatment significantly prevented the rise in MDA content and xanthine oxidase activity after 40 days of exposure, but was unable to prevent the decrease in catalase activity or the increase in carbonyl group content.
Fritzer G et al. · 2007
Parazzini M et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed 26 healthy young volunteers to 900 MHz GSM phone radiation and sham exposure in separate double-blind sessions. A rest-to-stand protocol assessed autonomic nervous system function during rest and after sympathetic activation. No statistically significant effect of EMF exposure was found on the main RR mean or most other heart rate variability parameters. A weak interaction between some time and frequency domain HRV parameters and RF exposure was observed around the sympathetic response to standing.
Abdel-Rassoul G et al. · 2007
A cross-sectional study enrolled 85 residents living near a mobile phone base station in Egypt and 80 matched controls. Exposed residents reported significantly higher rates of headache, memory changes, dizziness, tremors, depressive symptoms, and sleep disturbance than controls. On neurobehavioral testing, exposed residents performed worse on a test of attention and short-term auditory memory but better on tests of visuomotor speed and attention. Residents living opposite the station performed worse on a problem-solving test than those living under the station. Measured radiofrequency radiation levels were below the allowable standard.
Regel SJ et al. · 2007
Researchers exposed the heads of 15 healthy male subjects for 30 min prior to sleep to a pulse-modulated EMF signal at different intensities or a sham condition, in a double-blind, crossover design. The active exposure levels used peak spatial specific absorption rates of 0.2 W kg–1 and 5 W kg–1. Sleep EEG analysis showed a dose-dependent increase of power in the spindle frequency range in non-REM sleep, while sleep architecture was not affected. Reaction speed slowed with increasing field intensity in the 1-back task, but accuracy in the CRT and N-back tasks was not affected in a dose-dependent manner.
Hung CS, Anderson C, Horne JA, McEvoy P · 2007
Researchers exposed 10 healthy young adults to talk, listen, standby, or sham signal modes for 30 minutes, then gave them a 90-minute sleep opportunity. Sleep latency after talk mode was markedly and significantly delayed beyond listen and sham modes. This condition effect was also evident in 1–4 Hz EEG frontal power, a frequency range described as particularly sensitive to sleep onset. There was no condition effect for subjective sleepiness.
Sukhotina I, Streckert JR, Bitz AK, Hansen VW, Lerchl A · 2006
Researchers exposed isolated pineal glands from Djungarian hamsters to 1800 MHz continuous wave or GSM-modulated signals at SAR levels of 8, 80, 800, and 2700 mW/kg for 7 hours. At 800 mW/kg SAR both signal types significantly enhanced melatonin release, but at 2700 mW/kg SAR continuous wave elevated melatonin while GSM-modulated exposure suppressed it. The authors concluded that the data do not support the melatonin hypothesis that nonthermal radiofrequency exposure suppresses melatonin synthesis.
Schuz J et al. · 2006
Researchers conducted a population-based case-control study in Germany with 747 brain tumor cases and 1494 matched controls aged 30 to 69 years. Exposure was assessed by the location of a DECT cordless phone base station close to the bed as a proxy for continuous low-level radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure during the night. Estimated odds ratios were 0.82 (95% CI 0.29-2.33) for glioma and 0.83 (0.29-2.36) for meningioma, with no increasing risk observed with longer exposure duration.
Wood A, Loughran S, Stough C · 2006
In a double-blind cross-over study, 55 adult volunteers were exposed to mobile phone emissions for 30 minutes at 0.25 W average power or sham exposure on successive nights. Urine was collected before bed and upon waking, and melatonin output was estimated from 6-sulphatoxymelatonin concentrations, urine volume, and creatinine. Total melatonin metabolite output did not differ between active and sham exposure, but pre-bedtime output normalized to creatinine was significantly lower after active exposure.
Koylu H, Mollaoglu H, Ozguner F, Nazyroglu M, Delibab N. · 2006
Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham control, 900-MHz microwave exposure, and microwave exposure with melatonin treatment. Microwave exposure increased lipid peroxidation in both the brain cortex and hippocampus compared to controls. Melatonin administration decreased lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus but did not affect cortex levels.
Paulraj R, Behari J · 2006
The control group was sham irradiated. The study revealed a statistically significant decrease in PKC activity in the hippocampus compared to the rest of the brain and controls. Electron microscopy showed an increase in glial cell population in the exposed group.
Hutter HP, Moshammer H, Wallner P, Kundi M. · 2006
Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study of 365 randomly selected inhabitants living near 10 mobile phone base stations in urban and rural areas. High-frequency electromagnetic field strength was measured in the bedrooms of 336 households, and several cognitive tests, wellbeing, and sleep quality were also assessed. Total HF-EMF exposure was far below recommended levels, with a maximum of 4.1 mW/m2, and average power density was 0.05 mW/m2 in the rural area and 0.02 mW/m2 in the urban area. Some symptoms showed a significant relation to measured power density, headaches most strongly, while sleep quality showed no significant effect.
Koyu A et al. · 2005
Researchers studied the effects of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz EMF on nocturnal serum melatonin in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed for 30 minutes per day, five days per week for four weeks. Serum melatonin concentrations were measured at 12:00 pm using a radioimmunoassay method. No statistically significant differences in melatonin levels were found between the 900 MHz exposed group and the sham group, nor between the 1800 MHz exposed group and the sham group.
Iudice A et al. · 2005
Twenty-three young healthy participants completed a 10 km simulated drive under four counterbalanced conditions: alcohol alone, alcohol with 19 h wakefulness, alcohol with 24 h wakefulness, and sober. The combination of alcohol and 24 h wakefulness produced the highest driving impairment, significantly greater than alcohol alone. Alcohol with 19 h wakefulness significantly affected only the time-to-collision measure, while alcohol alone in rested conditions did not significantly change any study measure.
Green AC et al. · 2005
Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2 +) ](i)) was measured in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells and cardiac myocytes during exposure to TETRA fields (380.8875 MHz pulse modulated at 17.6 Hz, 25% duty cycle). Granule cells exposed at specific absorption rates (SARs) of 5, 10, 20, 50 or 400 mW x kg(-1) showed no significant changes in resting [Ca(2 +) ](i). Exposure to TETRA (50 or 400 mW x kg(-1)) had no significant effect on either the rate or amplitude of spontaneous Ca(2 +) transients in cardiac myocytes. Overall, these results showed no evidence of any consistent or biologically relevant effect of TETRA fields on [Ca(2 + )](i) in granule cells and cardiac myocytes at any of the SAR tested.
Besset A, Espa F, Dauvilliers Y, Billiard M, de Seze R. · 2005
The study investigated the effects of daily exposure to GSM 900 type MP on cognitive function. Fifty-five subjects were divided into two groups matched for age, gender, and IQ. The double-blind study lasted 45 days with baseline, exposure, and recovery periods.
