Loughran SP et al. · 2005
Researchers examined whether sleep architecture is sensitive to electromagnetic fields from digital mobile phone handsets. Fifty participants were exposed to electromagnetic fields for 30 minutes before sleep. Exposure decreased rapid eye movement sleep latency and increased electroencephalogram spectral power in the 11.5-12.25 Hz range during the initial part of sleep. The authors concluded that mobile phone exposure before sleep may promote rapid eye movement sleep and modify the sleep electroencephalogram in the first non-rapid eye movement sleep period.
Curcio G et al. · 2005
Researchers recorded resting EEG from 20 healthy subjects to study the effect of mobile phone EMF on waking brain activity. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups and exposed double-blind to a 902.40 MHz signal modulated at 217 Hz with 0.25 W average power before or during EEG recording. Real exposure influenced alpha band spectral power in some bins compared to baseline and sham, with a greater effect when the EMF was on during recording. The authors concluded that pulsed high-frequency EMF can affect normal brain functioning, but no health effect conclusions were drawn.
Vangelova KK, Israel MS. · 2005
Researchers measured urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin and three stress hormones in 36 male operators working fast-rotating extended shifts under radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Exposure levels were high for broadcasting station operators, low for TV station operators, and very low for satellite station operators. Radiofrequency EMR had no effect on the typical diurnal pattern of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin. High-level exposure significantly increased excretion rates of cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, while low-level exposure changes were not significant. The 24-hour excretion of cortisol and noradrenaline correlated with time-weighted average exposure measures.
Maier R, Greter SE, Maier N · 2004
Researchers tested cognitive processing in 11 volunteers using an auditory discrimination task under GSM-standard pulsed electromagnetic field exposure and field-free conditions. After a first test cycle, volunteers relaxed for 50 minutes with or without field exposure, then repeated the test, and data before and after the resting phase were compared. Nine of 11 participants (81.8%) showed worse auditory discrimination performance during field exposure compared to control, with group data reaching statistical significance (P = 0.0105).
Hamblin DL, Wood AW, Croft RJ, Stough C. · 2004
Twelve participants completed two sessions one week apart, performing an auditory oddball task during active mobile phone exposure and sham exposure. Each exposure condition lasted one hour and the order was counterbalanced. Real exposure reduced N100 amplitude and latency to non-targets, with larger reductions over midline and right hemisphere sites. Reaction time increased during real exposure, but accuracy did not differ.
Bortkiewicz A, Zmyslony M, Szyjkowska A, Gadzicka E. · 2004
The review investigated subjective symptoms reported by people living near cellular phone base stations. Questionnaire surveys revealed various complaints mostly of the circulatory system, plus sleep disturbances, irritability, depression, blurred vision, concentration difficulties, nausea, lack of appetite, headache and vertigo. Studies showed a relationship between symptom incidence, exposure level, and distance from base stations. This association appeared in both people who attributed symptoms to the base station and those who did not. No studies worldwide found exposures exceeding ICNIRP standards.
Al-Khlaiwi T, Meo SA. · 2004
Researchers conducted a study in Saudi Arabia with 437 mobile phone users. The results showed an association between mobile phone use and health hazards, with headache at 21.6%, sleep disturbance at 4.%, tension at 3.9%, fatigue at 3%, and dizziness at 2.4%. The authors concluded that mobile phone use is a risk factor for health hazards and recommended avoiding long-term or excessive use through health promotion activities.
Santini R, Santini P, Le Ruz P, Danze JM, Seigne M · 2003
Researchers conducted a questionnaire survey of 530 people living or not in proximity to cellular phone base stations. They found that nausea, loss of appetite, and visual disturbances were reported up to 10 m, irritability, depressive tendencies, and lowered libido up to 100 m, and headaches, sleep disturbances, and discomfort up to 200 m. Fatigue was the only symptom significantly more frequent in the 200-300 m zone compared with those living farther away or not exposed. Women reported seven of the eighteen symptoms significantly more often than men at distances up to 300 m. Significant differences were also observed by age and by location relative to antennas and other electromagnetic factors.
Jarupat S, Kawabata A, Tokura H, Borkiewicz A. · 2003
The study aimed to investigate effects of the 1900 MHz electromagnetic field emitted from a cellular phone on nocturnal melatonin secretion. Exposure to cellular phone EMF caused a significant reduction in salivary melatonin in female human subjects.
Huber R et al. · 2003
Vangelova K, Israel M, Mihaylov S. · 2002
Researchers studied 12 male satellite station operators during 24-hour shifts and compared them with 12 unexposed controls. Exposure was low-level with specific absorption of 0.1127 J.kg-1. Exposed operators had significantly increased 24-hour excretion of 11-OCS and disrupted circadian rhythm, including increased mesor, decreased amplitude, and shifted acrophase. Catecholamine excretion rates also changed significantly with greater variability.
Santini R, Santini P, Danze JM, Le Ruz P, Seigne M. · 2002
Researchers conducted a questionnaire survey of 530 people, including 270 men and 260 women, living near or far from cellular phone base stations to assess 18 non-specific health symptoms. Complaint frequencies increased significantly (p < 0.05) for people living within 300 meters for tiredness, within 200 meters for headache, sleep disturbance, and discomfort, and within 100 meters for irritability, depression, loss of memory, dizziness, and libido decrease compared to those living beyond 300 meters or not exposed. Women reported headache, nausea, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, depression, discomfort, and visual perturbations significantly more often than men (p < 0.05).
HuberR et al. · 2002
Testylier G, Tonduli L, Malabiau R, Debouzy JC · 2002
Rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave at 2 or 4 mW/cm(2) for 1 h during the day, or to 800 MHz modulated at 32 Hz at 200 mW/cm(2) for 1 or 14 h during the night. Exposure at 4 mW/cm(2) caused a significant 40% decrease in mean acetylcholine release from hippocampus, maximal at 5 h post exposure. Fourteen-hour nighttime exposure at 800 MHz induced a significant 43% decrease in acetylcholine release during 11 p.m.-4 a.m. compared to control rats.
Santini R et al. · 2001
Researchers conducted a questionnaire survey of 161 students and workers at a French engineering school about symptoms during digital cellular phone use. Users of 1800-MHz phones reported significantly more concentration difficulties than users of 900-MHz phones. Women using cellular phones complained of sleep disturbance significantly more often than men. Using both cellular phones and VDT significantly increased concentration difficulties. Longer daily calling duration and more calls per day were associated with more ear discomfort, warmth, and pricking.
Lebedeva NN et al. · 2001
Jech R et al. · 2001
Wagner P et al. · 2000
Researchers aimed to investigate human sleep EEG under pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields using polysomnographies with submaximal high power flux densities. They applied a submaximal power flux density of 50 W/m(2). All-night polysomnographies were recorded from 20 healthy male subjects with and without exposure to a circularly polarized EMF at 900 MHz pulsed at 217 Hz with 577 microsecond pulse duration. The results showed no significant effect of the field application on conventional sleep parameters or sleep EEG power spectra.
Huber R et al. · 2000
Researchers exposed healthy young male subjects for 30 minutes to EMF at 900 MHz and a spatial peak specific absorption rate of 1 W/kg during the waking period before sleep. Compared with a sham exposure control condition, EEG spectral power during non-rapid eye movement sleep was increased, with the maximum rise in the 9.75-11.25 Hz and 12.5-13.25 Hz bands during the initial part of sleep. The researchers concluded that the changes of brain function induced by pulsed high-frequency EMF outlast the exposure period.
de Seze R, Ayoub J, Peray P, Miro L, Touitou Y · 1999
Researchers evaluated maximum serum melatonin concentration, time of maximum, and area under the curve of the hormone profile. Thirty-eight men aged 20 to 32 years were exposed to GSM 900 or DCS 1800 phones for 2 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 4 wk at maximum power. Blood samples were collected hourly during the night and every 3 hr in the daytime across four sessions at 15-day intervals. The melatonin circadian profile was not disrupted by the exposure.
Borbely et al. · 1999
Researchers exposed healthy young subjects during an entire night-time sleep episode to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field at a maximum specific absorption rate of 1 W/kg. The exposure schedule consisted of alternating 15-min on-15-min off intervals. Compared with a control night with sham exposure, the amount of waking after sleep onset was reduced from 18 to 12 min, and EEG spectral power in non-rapid eye movement sleep was increased. The researchers concluded that pulsed high-frequency EMF in the range of radiotelephones may promote sleep and modify the sleep EEG.
Wagner, P, Roschke, J, Mann, K, Hiller, W, Frank, C · 1998
Researchers recorded all-night polysomnographies of 24 healthy male subjects with and without exposure to a circularly polarized 900 MHz pulsed electromagnetic field at 0.2 W/m². Suppression of REM sleep and a sleep-inducing effect under field exposure did not reach statistical significance, so previous results indicating alterations of these sleep parameters could not be replicated. Spectral power analysis also did not reveal any alterations of the EEG rhythms during EMF exposure.
Mann et al. · 1998
Researchers exposed healthy humans to a 900 MHz pulsed electromagnetic field (217 Hz, 0.02 mW/cm²) and measured nocturnal hormone profiles of growth hormone, cortisol, luteinizing hormone, and melatonin under polysomnographic control. Cortisol showed a slight, transient elevation that persisted for one hour after exposure onset. No significant changes were found for growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, or melatonin, and sleep EEG showed no significant alterations, though there was a trend toward REM suppression.
Mann, K, Roschke, J, Connemann, B, Beta, H · 1998
The influence of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields emitted by digital mobile radio telephones on heart rate during sleep in healthy humans was investigated. For most parameters, significant differences between different sleep stages were found. Under the given experimental conditions, autonomic control of heart rate was not affected by weak-pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields.
Braune, S, Wrocklage, C, Raczek, J, Gailus, T, Lucking, CH · 1998
The study enrolled seven healthy men and three women volunteers aged 26 to 36 years in a single-blind placebo-controlled design. Participants were exposed to a GSM 900 MHz signal at 2 Watt with a 217 Hz frame repetition rate for 35 min per session. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded continuously with a Finapres device, while capillary perfusion was measured with an infrared plethysmograph on the right hand.
