Yan JG, Agresti M, Zhang LL, Yan Y, Matloub HS. · 2008
Researchers exposed adult Sprague-Dawley rats to cell phones for 6 hours per day for 126 days and measured mRNA levels of several injury-associated proteins in the brain. The proteins evaluated included Calcium ATPase, Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, Neural Growth Factor, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. The results showed statistically significant mRNA up-regulation of these proteins in the brains of exposed rats.
Wu W, Yao K, Wang KJ, Lu DQ, He JL, Xu LH, Sun WJ. · 2008
Researchers used the DCFH-DA method and comet assay to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage in cultured human lens epithelial cells exposed to 4 W/kg 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation or 2 muT electromagnetic noise, or both, for 24 hours intermittently. 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation at 4 W/kg for 24 hours significantly increased intracellular ROS and DNA damage (P<0.05). When electromagnetic noise was added alongside the mobile phone radiation, ROS levels and DNA damage were not significantly elevated compared to sham exposure (P>0.05).
Wu W, Yao K, Wang KJ, Lu DQ, He JL, Xu LH, Sun WJ. · 2008
Researchers exposed human eye lens cells to cell phone radiation at 4 watts per kilogram for 24 hours and found it caused significant DNA damage and increased harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species. However, when they added electromagnetic 'noise' (random magnetic fields) during the exposure, it completely blocked these harmful effects. This suggests that certain types of electromagnetic interference might actually protect cells from radiation damage.
Wu W, Yao K, Wang KJ, Lu DQ, He JL, Xu LH, Sun WJ. · 2008
Chinese researchers exposed human eye lens cells to cell phone radiation (1800 MHz) and found it caused DNA damage and increased harmful free radicals. However, when they added electromagnetic 'noise' fields alongside the phone radiation, this protective interference blocked the cellular damage. The study suggests that certain electromagnetic patterns might counteract the harmful effects of mobile phone radiation on eye cells.
Hirose H et al. · 2008
Researchers continuously exposed BALB/3T3 cells to 2.1425 GHz W-CDMA RF fields at SARs of 80 and 800 mW/kg for 6 weeks. They also tested MCA-treated cells and MCA plus TPA-treated cells for tumor promotion and co-promotion effects. No significant differences in transformation frequency were found between RF-exposed groups and sham-exposed controls in any treatment condition. The results suggest that exposure to low-level RF radiation of up to 800 mW/kg does not induce cell transformation.
Hruby R, Neubauer G, Kuster N, Frauscher M · 2008
The study aimed to detect whether long-term exposure to 902-MHz GSM-type wireless communication signals would affect DMBA-induced mammary tumours in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Five hundred female rats were each given a single oral dose of 17 mg DMBA per kg body weight at an age of 46-48 days.
Unknown authors · 2008
Researchers exposed human neutrophils (white blood cells) to 900-MHz radio frequency radiation at levels comparable to cell phone exposure and found their movement speed increased by 50% compared to temperature effects alone. More significantly, the cells stopped following chemical signals they normally track to fight infection, instead moving at right angles to those signals. The calculated temperature change from the RF exposure was negligible, indicating a non-thermal biological effect.
Unknown authors · 2008
Researchers exposed human immune cells (neutrophils) to 900-MHz RF radiation at extremely low power levels in laboratory conditions. The RF exposure increased cell movement speed by 50% compared to temperature effects alone and dramatically altered the cells' direction of movement away from their normal chemical tracking pattern. These changes occurred at power levels producing less than one-millionth of a degree of heating.
Unknown authors · 2008
Researchers exposed human immune cells called neutrophils to 900-MHz radio frequency fields at levels comparable to cell phone exposure. The cells moved 50% faster than normal and changed direction, moving perpendicular to their intended path rather than toward chemical signals they normally follow. These effects occurred without measurable heating, suggesting non-thermal biological impacts on immune function.
Sanchez S et al. · 2008
Researchers investigated heat shock protein expression in hairless rat skin exposed to GSM-900 and GSM-1800 signals. They studied Hsc70, Hsp25, and Hsp70 using immunolabeling of epidermal skin slices. Single exposures were 2 hours at 0 and 5 W/kg; repeated exposures were 2 hours per day, 5 days per week for 12 weeks at 0, 2.5, and 5 W/kg. Neither single nor repeated exposures altered HSP expression regardless of GSM signal or SAR.
Dawe AS et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed a transgenic strain of the nematode C. elegans to radiofrequency fields at 1.8 GHz and a specific absorption rate of approximately 1.8 W/kg. For both continuous wave and Talk-pulsed exposures lasting 2.5 hours, there was no indication that RF exposure could induce reporter expression above sham control levels. When background reporter expression was moderately elevated in sham controls, the researchers found some evidence that reporter expression may be reduced by approximately 15% following exposure to either Talk-pulsed or CW RF fields.
Pavicic I, Trosic I · 2008
Researchers exposed V79 cells to continuous wave frequencies of 864 MHz and 935 MHz for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Growth was significantly increased after two- and three-hour exposures to 864 MHz and after three-hour exposure to 935 MHz, measured 72 hours after irradiation. Colony-forming ability and cell viability did not significantly differ from control cells. The two fields showed similar effects on growth, colony-forming ability, and viability, with impact being time-dependent.
Inoue S, Motoda H, Koike Y, Kawamura K, Hiragami F, Kano Y. · 2008
Exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation at 200 W increased neurite outgrowth frequency about 10-fold compared to non-irradiated controls. The increase was prevented by adding a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Microwave treatment did not cause toxicity, unlike heat shock at 45°C.
Prisco MG et al. · 2008
Johansson A et al. · 2008
Fifteen subjects with atopic dermatitis and 15 matched controls were exposed for 30 min to a 900 MHz GSM mobile phone-like RF field at 1 W/kg. Blood samples were taken before and after exposure to measure serum levels of substance P (SP), TNF R1, and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). At baseline, the atopic dermatitis group had significantly higher serum TNF R1 and significantly lower BDNF than controls, while SP did not differ. No effects of RF exposure were found on any of the measured substances. Symptom reports were too few to evaluate a possible correlation with exposure.
Moisescu MG, Leveque P, Bertrand JR, Kovacs E, Mir LM · 2008
Researchers designed a device for continuous microscopic observation of cells exposed to modulated EMF similar to mobile phone signals. The system allowed follow-up of cell progression into mitosis under controlled temperature and CO2 environment. Cells exposed to 900 MHz modulated EMF for 1 hour at 30 degrees C and 2.2 W/kg showed increased endocytosis rate but no alteration in mitosis progression or duration. The exposure system was validated by cell endocytosis measurements.
Unknown authors · 2008
Researchers exposed murine L929 fibroblasts to 872 MHz continuous wave or pulse modulated RF radiation at 5 W/kg. They measured ornithine decarboxylase activity after 1- and 24-hour exposures, proliferation during 48 hours after 24-hour exposure, and caspase-3 activity after 1-hour exposure. The cells responded to fresh medium and serum deprivation, but no consistent effects of RF radiation were found. One statistically significant difference in ODC activity (p=0.03) was observed but considered a chance finding due to multiple comparisons and lack of support from other data. The results did not support effects on the endpoints studied, and stressed or stimulated cells were not more sensitive than normal cells to RF radiation.
Unknown authors · 2008
Finnish researchers exposed mouse fibroblasts to 872 MHz radiofrequency radiation at 5 W/kg to test whether cell stress affects EMF sensitivity. They measured cell growth, death signals, and enzyme activity under normal, stimulated, and stressed conditions. No consistent biological effects were found from the RF exposure, regardless of the cells' physiological state.
Lee JJ et al. · 2008
NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts were exposed to 849 MHz RF radiation at average SAR values of 2 or 10 W/kg for either 1 hour or 1 hour per day for 3 days. Cellular invasion and migration were assessed using in vitro Matrigel invasion and Transwell migration assays. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed at 24 and 48 hours after exposure by flow cytometry. The study found no detectable effects on cell cycle distribution, cellular migration, or invasion at the tested SAR values.
Unknown authors · 2008
Researchers exposed human lens epithelial cells intermittently for 24 hours to radiofrequency fields at specific absorption rates of 1, 2, 3, and 4 W/kg. DNA damage measured by alkaline comet assay increased significantly at 3 and 4 W/kg, while double-strand breaks increased only at 4 W/kg. Intracellular reactive oxygen species levels rose significantly at 3 and 4 W/kg, and cells exposed to 4 W/kg showed G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Apoptosis did not differ between exposed and sham groups, and all observed effects were blocked when the radiofrequency field was superposed with 2 muT electromagnetic noise.
Unknown authors · 2008
This 2008 study exposed human eye lens cells to 1.8 GHz cell phone radiation at various power levels for 24 hours. Researchers found DNA damage and cellular stress at higher exposure levels, but discovered that adding electromagnetic 'noise' completely blocked these harmful effects. However, this study was later retracted by the journal.
Zhang SZ, Yao GD, Lu DQ, Chiang H, Xu ZP. · 2008
Researchers exposed primary cultured rat neurons to 1.8 GHz RF EMF at a SAR of 2 W/kg and used a gene array to look for changes in gene expression. Among 1200 candidate genes screened, 24 were up-regulated and 10 were down-regulated, associated with functions including cytoskeleton, signal transduction, and metabolism. The effect of 24-hour exposure on gene expression was more obvious than that of 6-hour exposure, and intermittent exposure had a more obvious effect than continuous exposure.
Zhang SZ, Yao GD, Lu DQ, Chiang H, Xu ZP. · 2008
Researchers exposed rat brain cells to cell phone radiation (1.8 GHz) for up to 24 hours. The radiation altered 34 genes controlling brain cell structure, communication, and metabolism. Changes were stronger with intermittent exposure patterns, suggesting cell phone signals may affect brain function.
Nittby H et al. · 2008
Swedish researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 1,800 MHz for six hours and found significant changes in brain gene expression. The radiation altered genes controlling cell membranes and signal transmission in memory-critical brain regions, occurring at levels similar to extended human cell phone use.
Manti L et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro to a UMTS signal at a frequency carrier of 1.95 GHz for 24 hours at 0.5 and 2.0 W/kg SAR. Cells were also given 4 Gy of X rays immediately before RF radiation or sham exposures, and chromosome aberrations were measured by fluorescence in situ hybridization. No significant variations due to the UMTS exposure were found in the fraction of aberrant cells, but the frequency of exchanges per cell showed a small but statistically significant increase of 0.11 exchange per cell compared to 0 W/kg SAR.
