Lantow M, Schuderer J, Hartwig C, Simko M. · 2006
Researchers exposed human immune cells to cell phone radiation at 1800 MHz (the frequency used by GSM networks) to see if it would trigger the production of harmful free radicals or stress proteins. Even at high exposure levels up to 2.0 W/kg, the radiation did not cause any significant increase in free radical production or stress protein expression in the cells. This suggests that cell phone radiation at these levels may not trigger the type of cellular damage that free radicals can cause.
Unknown authors · 2006
Koylu H, Mollaoglu H, Ozguner F, Nazyroglu M, Delibab N. · 2006
Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham control, 900-MHz microwave exposure, and microwave exposure with melatonin treatment. Microwave exposure increased lipid peroxidation in both the brain cortex and hippocampus compared to controls. Melatonin administration decreased lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus but did not affect cortex levels.
Eliyahu I et al. · 2006
Thirty-six healthy right-handed men performed four cognitive tasks under right-side, left-side, and sham exposure conditions. The study used a standard GSM phone at 890 MHz operated at full power via a base station simulator. Left-side exposure slowed left-hand response time in the later experimental period, an effect seen in three of four tasks but highly significant in only one. The exposure intensity and duration exceeded typical cell phone user exposure.
Hamblin DL, Croft RJ, Wood AW, Stough C, Spong J. · 2006
Researchers tested 120 participants in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design with two sessions one week apart. In both sessions, participants performed auditory and visual oddball tasks while EEG was recorded with a mobile phone set to sham exposure mounted over the temporal region, and then performed the same tasks while the handset was set to active or sham. No significant differences were found between exposure conditions for any ERP component or reaction time.
Henderson SI, Bangay MJ. · 2006
Researchers measured radiofrequency signals from 60 base stations across five Australian cities at distances ranging from 50 to 500 m. All recorded exposure levels were well below the general public exposure limits of the ICNIRP guidelines and the Australian radiofrequency standard (ARPANSA RPS3). The highest level recorded from any single base station was 7.8 x 10(-3) W/m(2), which translates to 0.2% of the general public exposure limit.
Keshvari J, Keshvari R, Lang S. · 2006
Stronati L et al. · 2006
The study used alkaline comet assay, metaphase analysis, micronucleus test, and nuclear division index to assess DNA strand breaks, chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, micronuclei, and cell cycling speed. It comprehensively examined whether 24-hour continuous exposure to a 935 MHz GSM signal at 1 or 2 W/kg is genotoxic per se or can influence x-ray genotoxicity. Within the experimental parameters, no effect from the RFR signal was observed in any instance. The SAR values chosen were near the upper limit of energy absorption in localized tissue during cellular telephone use.
Stronati L et al. · 2006
Italian and British researchers exposed human immune cells (lymphocytes) to 935 MHz cell phone radiation for 24 hours at levels similar to what tissues experience during phone use. Using multiple DNA damage tests, they found no genetic damage from the radiation alone, and the radiation didn't make X-ray damage worse. This suggests that 24-hour exposure to this type of cell phone radiation doesn't directly break DNA or interfere with DNA repair.
Unknown authors · 2006
Researchers exposed two human cell lines, neuronal SK-N-SH and monocytoid U937, to a 900 MHz RF signal pulsed at 217 Hz with a SAR of 0.2 W/kg. For SK-N-SH cells, they assessed effects using gene microarray, real-time PCR, Western blot for heat shock proteins, and flow cytometry for cell cycle and apoptosis. For U937 cells, they assessed effects using cell viability and cell cycle analysis. No significant difference was found between sham-exposed and radiofrequency-exposed cells in any assay or condition.
Sakuma N et al. · 2006
Researchers conducted a large-scale in vitro study to test whether modulated RF fields from mobile radio base stations act as a DNA damaging agent. Human glioblastoma A172 cells and normal human IMR-90 fibroblasts were exposed to 2.1425 GHz CW and W-CDMA radiation. A172 cells were exposed to W-CDMA at SARs of 80, 250, and 800 mW/kg and CW at 80 mW/kg for 2 and 24 hours, while IMR-90 cells were exposed to both modulations at 80 mW/kg for the same periods. No significant differences in DNA strand breaks were observed between exposed groups and sham controls using alkaline comet assays. The authors concluded that low-level exposures do not act as a genotoxicant up to a SAR of 800 mW/kg.
Merola P et al. · 2006
The study examined whether a modulated 900 MHz radiofrequency field at a specific absorption rate higher than the ICNIRP occupational reference level could alter cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line. Cells were exposed for 24, 48, and 72 hours and tested using WST-I assay, molecular markers, caspase activation, and PARP cleavage detection. Combined exposures with retinoic acid and camptothecin were also tested to check for interference between the field and chemical agents. Overall, the data suggest that 900 MHz radiofrequency exposure up to 72 hours does not induce significant alterations in the three principal cell activities.
de Salles AA, Bulla G, Rodriguez CE. · 2006
Researchers simulated Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in adult and child head models using the Finite Difference Time Domain method at 850 MHz and 1850 MHz. They used realistic head models with fitted electromagnetic parameters and tested microstrip and quarter-wavelength monopole antennas. The 1g-SAR for children was higher than for adults, exceeding 60% higher in the 10-year-old model. Results were compared with international recommendations.
Krause CM et al. · 2006
Researchers collected EEG data from 15 children aged 10 to 14 years while they performed an auditory memory task with and without exposure to a 902 MHz mobile phone in counterbalanced order. During memory encoding, the active mobile phone modulated event-related desynchronization and synchronization responses in the approximately 4 to 8 Hz EEG frequencies. During recognition, the active mobile phone transformed brain oscillatory responses in the approximately 4 to 8 Hz and approximately 15 Hz frequencies.
Zeng Q, Chen G, Weng Y, Wang L, Chiang H, Lu D, Xu Z. · 2006
Researchers investigated gene and protein responses to GSM 1800 MHz RF EMF in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells using genomic and proteomic approaches. GeneChip analysis identified a handful of changed genes after exposure at SAR up to 3.5 W/kg for 24 hours, but these changes were not confirmed by RT-PCR. Proteome analysis found a few different proteins differentially expressed under continuous or intermittent exposure at SAR 3.5 W/kg for 24 hours or less, but the authors suggest these effects might have occurred by chance.
Copty AB, Neve-Oz Y, Barak I, Golosovsky M, Davidov D. · 2006
Researchers compared the effects of microwave irradiation and conventional heating on the fluorescence of solution-based green fluorescent protein. Both microwave irradiation and conventional heating decreased fluorescence intensity and red-shifted the spectrum. The microwave-induced fluorescence changes could not be explained by heating alone.
Lantow M, Viergutz T, Weiss DG, Simko M. · 2006
Researchers used human Mono Mac 6 cells and exposed them to a 1,800 MHz GSM-DTX signal at 2 W/kg SAR for 12 hours. They measured cell cycle kinetics, BrdU uptake, apoptosis, and necrosis using flow cytometry. No statistically significant differences were found in apoptosis, necrosis, cell cycle kinetics, or BrdU uptake between RF EMF-exposed cells and sham or incubator controls. Positive controls treated with gliotoxin and PMA showed significant increases in apoptosis and necrosis, and PMA caused a significant accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase with a reduction in S-phase cells.
Tuschl H, Novak W, Molla-Djafari H. · 2006
The study assessed whether GSM-modulated RF fields have adverse effects on the functional competence of human immune cells. Exposure was performed at GSM Basic 1950 MHz with an SAR of 1 mW/g in an intermittent mode of 5 minutes on and 10 minutes off for 8 hours. Researchers evaluated intracellular cytokine production, immune-relevant gene activity, and cytotoxicity of lymphokine-activated killer cells using blood from at least 15 donors per parameter. No statistically significant effects of exposure were found.
Hirose H et al. · 2006
Researchers conducted a large-scale in vitro study to test whether modulated RF fields from mobile radio base stations induce apoptosis or stress responses activating p53. Human glioblastoma A172 cells were exposed to W-CDMA radiation at SARs of 80, 250, and 800 mW/kg and CW radiation at 80 mW/kg for 24 or 48 hours, while human IMR-90 fibroblasts were exposed to both modulations at 80 mW/kg for 28 hours. No significant differences in apoptosis, phosphorylated p53 at serine 15, total p53, or downstream gene expression were found between exposed and sham-exposed cells.
Stankiewicz W et al. · 2006
Researchers investigated whether human blood immune cells activated in vitro would be sensitive to electromagnetic field exposure. The results suggest that immune activity of responding lymphocytes and monocytes can be additionally intensified by 900 MHz microwaves.
Stankiewicz W et al. · 2006
Polish researchers exposed human immune cells to 900 MHz GSM cell phone signals at very low power levels (SAR 0.024 W/kg) and found that the microwave exposure significantly increased immune cell activity. The exposed cells showed stronger responses to immune stimulants and higher activity levels compared to unexposed control cells. This suggests that even low-level cell phone radiation can alter how your immune system functions at the cellular level.
Lee JS, Huang TQ, Kim TH, Kim JY, Kim HJ, Pack JK, Seo JS. · 2006
Researchers exposed human T-lymphocyte Jurkat cells and rat primary astrocytes to 1763 MHz RF radiation at SARs of 2 or 20 W/kg for 30 minutes or 1 hour while temperature was completely controlled at 37 +/- 0.2 degrees C. No detectable difference was observed in the expression levels of HSP90, HSP70, and HSP27, and the phosphorylation status of MAPKs did not change significantly. When TPA alone was applied, MAPKs were phosphorylated in a dose-dependent manner, but RF radiation did not enhance TPA-induced MAPK phosphorylation, and neither TPA nor RF radiation affected HSP induction.
Wang J et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed A172 cells to 2450 MHz high-frequency electromagnetic fields at SARs of 5-200 W/kg and included heat controls at 38-44°C. HSP70 expression increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner at SARs above 50 W/kg for 1-3 hours, similar to heat controls. HSP27 expression did not change significantly with HFEMF exposure or heating, but HSP27 phosphorylation increased transiently at 100 and 200 W/kg, exceeding the effect of heating at 40-44°C, peaking after 1 hour at 100 W/kg.
Takashima Y et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed cells to radio frequency electromagnetic fields at 2.45 GHz to examine cell growth, survival, and cell cycle distribution across a wide range of specific absorption rates. When cells were exposed to a continuous RF field at SARs from 0.05 to 100 W/kg for 2 h, cellular growth rate, survival, and cell cycle distribution were not affected. At 200 W/kg, the cell growth rate was suppressed and cell survival decreased, and the temperature of the medium rose to 44.1 degrees C. The researchers suggested that the proliferation disorder is caused by the thermal effect.
Joubert V et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to GSM-900 at 0.25 W/kg average SAR or continuous-wave 900 MHz at 2 W/kg SAR for 24 hours. No statistically significant difference in apoptosis rate was found between sham-exposed and microwave-exposed cells at either 0 or 24 hours post-exposure. Apoptosis rates were also comparable between sham, continuous-wave, 37°C, and 39°C exposed cells. Three assessment methods including DAPI staining, TUNEL/PI flow cytometry, and caspase-3 fluorimetry gave concordant results.
