5G and Cell Tower Radiation Research

Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG.

HuberR et al. · 2002

Genotoxicity of radiofrequency signals. I. Investigation of DNA damage and micronuclei induction in cultured human blood cells.

Tice RR, Hook GG, Donner M, McRee DI, Guy AW. · 2002

DNA damage in leukocytes was assessed with the alkaline comet assay and chromosomal damage in lymphocytes with the micronucleus assay. No significant increase in DNA damage was seen after 3 or 24 hours, and no increase in micronucleated lymphocytes occurred after 3 hours. However, 24-hour exposures at 5.0 or 10.0 W/kg significantly increased micronucleated lymphocytes about fourfold, regardless of signal type, modulation, or frequency.

Acute mobile phone operation affects neural function in humans.

Croft R et al. · 2002

The study tested whether exposure to an active MP affects EEG as a function of time. MP exposure also altered early phase-locked neural responses, attenuating the normal response decrement over time in the 4-8 Hz band, decreasing the response in the 1230 Hz band globally and as a function of time, and increasing midline frontal and lateral posterior responses in the 30-45 Hz band.

Long-term exposure of E-mu-Pim1 transgenic mice to 898.4 MHz microwaves does not increase lymphoma incidence

Utteridge TD et al. · 2002

Researchers exposed 120 E-mu-Pim1 heterozygous mice and 120 wild-type mice to GSM-modulated 898.4 MHz radiation at SARs of 0.25, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 W/kg for 1 hour per day, 5 days per week, for up to 104 weeks. Sham-exposed groups of 120 heterozygous and 120 wild-type mice and an unrestrained negative control group were included. No significant difference in lymphoma incidence was found between exposed and sham-exposed groups at any exposure level. No dose-response effect was detected.

The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention.

Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. · 2002

Thirty-eight healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to an experimental group exposed to a 900 MHz mobile phone for 30 minutes or a control group with the phone switched off. Cognitive performance was assessed before exposure and at 15 and 30 minutes post-exposure using six neuropsychological tests. Significant differences appeared after 5 minutes on digit span forwards, spatial span backwards, and serial subtraction, with performance facilitated in the exposed group.

Hypersensitivity symptoms associated with exposure to cellular telephones: No causal link.

Hietanen M, Hämäläinen A-M, Husman T. · 2002

The study tested the hypothesis that hypersensitive persons perceive symptoms from RF fields using double blind provocation experiments. Twenty volunteers who reported sensitivity to cellular phones participated. Exposure sources were one analogue NMT phone at 900 MHz and two digital GSM phones at 900 and 1800 MHz. Each test session lasted 30 minutes with three or four sessions in random order per day. More symptoms were reported during sham exposure than during real exposure, and no subject could distinguish real from sham exposure.

Cytogenetic damage in human lymphocytes following GMSK phase modulated microwave exposure.

d'Ambrosio G, MassaR, Scarfi MR, Zeni O · 2002

Researchers exposed human peripheral blood cultures to 1.748 GHz microwaves, either as continuous wave or phase-only modulated wave, for 15 minutes. The study measured cell proliferation kinetics and micronucleus frequency to look for genotoxic effects. No changes in cell proliferation kinetics were found after either type of exposure. A statistically significant micronucleus effect was found following exposure to the phase modulated field, but not after continuous wave exposure. The researchers suggested these results indicate a genotoxic power of the phase modulation itself.

Does head-only exposure to GSM-900 electromagnetic fields affect the performance of rats in spatial learning tasks?

Dubreuil D, Jay T, Edeline JM. · 2002

DNA damage and micronucleus induction in human leukocytes after acute in vitro exposure to a 1.9 GHz continuous-wave radiofrequency field

McNamee JP et al. · 2002

Researchers exposed human white blood cells to cell phone radiation (1.9 GHz) for 2 hours at various power levels to see if it would damage DNA or cause genetic abnormalities. They found no evidence of DNA damage or genetic changes at any exposure level tested, including levels 5 times higher than typical cell phone use. This Canadian government study suggests that short-term radiofrequency exposure may not directly harm genetic material in immune cells.

Responses of neurons to an amplitude-modulated microwave stimulus.

Beason RC, Semm P. · 2002

Researchers investigated the effects of a pulsed 900 MHz signal modulated at 217 Hz on avian brain neurons. The stimulation changed neural activity in more than half of the brain cells. 76% of responding cells increased their firing rates by an average of 3.5-fold. The remaining responding cells decreased their spontaneous activity rates. The authors suggested these responses indicate potential effects on humans using hand-held cellular phones.

Effect of long-term mobile communication microwave exposure on vascular permeability in mouse brain.

Finnie JW et al. · 2002

The study was designed to examine the effect of long-term exposure to global system for mobile communication (GSM) radiofrequency fields on vascular permeability in murine brains. Mice were given a 60-minute far-field, whole body exposure on each of 5 days per week for 104 weeks at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.25, 1.0,2.0 and 4.0 W/kg. In all exposed and control groups, albumin extravasation was minimal and was deemed insignificant.

Microwave exposure induces Hsp70 and confers protection against hypoxia in chick embryos.

Shallom JM et al. · 2002

Researchers exposed chick embryos to athermal 915 MHz microwave radiation to test for induction of the stress protein Hsp70. Hsp70 levels increased within 2 hours, reaching a maximum about 30% above controls by 3 hours. Embryos pre-exposed to microwave radiation before hypoxic stress had significantly higher survival after re-oxygenation than non-exposed controls (P < 0.05).

Study of low-intensity 2450-MHz microwave exposure enhancing the genotoxic effects of mitomycin C using micronucleus test and comet assay in vitro.

Zhang MB, He JL, Jin LF, Lu DQ. · 2002

Researchers studied whether 2450-MHz microwave radiation interacts with the chemical mitomycin C (MMC) to produce genotoxic effects in human lymphocytes in vitro. Blood cells from a male donor and a female donor were exposed to 2450-MHz microwaves at 5.0 mW/cm2 for 2 h, to MMC alone for 24 h, or to MMC for 24 h following microwave exposure. Microwave exposure alone did not significantly increase comet lengths compared with controls, but combined microwave plus MMC exposure produced significantly longer comet lengths than MMC alone at doses of 0.025 microgram/mL or higher.

The effect of low level continuous 2.45 GHz waves on enzymes of developing rat brain.

Paulraj R, Behari J · 2002

Researchers exposed 35-day-old Wistar rats to low-level continuous 2.45 GHz microwaves for 2 hr/day over 35 days at a power density of 0.34 mW/cm2 with a specific absorption rate of 0.1 W/kg. Exposed rats showed a significant increase in calcium ion efflux and ornithine decarboxylase activity and a significant decrease in calcium-dependent protein kinase activity in brain tissue. The authors suggested that the radiation affects membrane-bound enzymes linked to cell proliferation and differentiation, indicating a possible tumor-promoting role.

Effects of exposure to low level radiofrequency fields on acetylcholine release in hippocampus of freely moving rats.

Testylier G, Tonduli L, Malabiau R, Debouzy JC · 2002

Rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave at 2 or 4 mW/cm(2) for 1 h during the day, or to 800 MHz modulated at 32 Hz at 200 mW/cm(2) for 1 or 14 h during the night. Exposure at 4 mW/cm(2) caused a significant 40% decrease in mean acetylcholine release from hippocampus, maximal at 5 h post exposure. Fourteen-hour nighttime exposure at 800 MHz induced a significant 43% decrease in acetylcholine release during 11 p.m.-4 a.m. compared to control rats.

SIMS study of the calcium-deprivation step related to epidermal meristem production induced in flax by cold shock or radiation from a GSM telephone.

Tafforeau M et al. · 2002

Researchers exposed flax seedlings to a 1-minute cold shock or a 2-hour GSM telephone radiation at 0.9 GHz and observed epidermal meristem production. They performed a SIMS analysis of inorganic cations in hypocotyl tissue from control and calcium-deprived seedlings. The analysis revealed decreases in calcium, sodium, and potassium and an increase in magnesium without substantially changing the divalent-to-monovalent cation ratio.

Effect of electromagnetic field produced by mobile phones on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and the level of malonyldialdehyde (MDA)--in vitro study

Stopczyk D et al. · 2002

Researchers assessed the effect of mobile phone electromagnetic fields on SOD-1 activity and MDA level in human blood platelets exposed to 900 MHz for 1, 3, 5, and 7 minutes. SOD-1 activity was significantly depleted after 1, 5, and 7 minutes of exposure and increased after 3 minutes compared with controls. MDA concentration increased significantly after 1, 5, and 7 minutes and decreased after 3 minutes compared with controls. The authors concluded that oxidative stress from microwave exposure may cause adverse cellular changes and systemic disturbances.

Lack of Mutation Induction with Exposure to 1.5 GHz Electromagnetic Near Fields Used for Cellular Phones in Brains of Big Blue Mice.

Takahashi S et al. · 2002

Researchers investigated the mutagenic potential of 1.5 GHz electromagnetic near fields using brain tissues of Big Blue mice. Male BBM were locally exposed to EMF in the head region at 2.0, 0.67, and 0 W/kg specific absorption rate for 90 min/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. There was no significant variation in the frequency of independent mutations of the lacI transgene in the brains. Deletion mutations were slightly increased in both the high and low EMF exposure groups as compared with the sham-exposed group, but the differences were not statistically significant.

NF-κB DNA-binding activity after high peak power pulsed microwave (8.2 GHz) exposure of normal human monocytes

Natarajan M, Vijayalaxmi , Szilagyi M, Roldan FN, Meltz ML · 2002

The excretion of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate in healthy young men exposed to electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phone -- an experimental study.

Bortkiewicz A, Pilacik B, Gadzicka E, Szymczak W. · 2002

Negligible electromagnetic interaction between medical electronic equipment and 2.4 GHz band wireless LAN.

Hanada E, Hoshino Y, Oyama H, Watanabe Y, Nose Y. · 2002

Researchers tested the effect of wireless LAN communication on medical electronic equipment and the effect of electronic equipment on wireless LAN communication. They observed nine pieces of electronic equipment in operating mode while transmitting radio waves from a wireless LAN. No equipment malfunction occurred even with the access point very close to the equipment surface during data transmission. Medical equipment caused little change in wireless communication effectiveness, but electric knives and a remote patient monitor reduced the reception rate to about 60%. Wireless LAN speed was temporarily reduced only when a microwave oven was close to and facing the access point.

Application of intracellular microelectrophoresis to analysis of the influence of the low-level microwave radiation on electrokinetic properties of nuclei in human epithelial cells.

Shckorbatov YG et al. · 2002

Researchers used intracellular microelectrophoresis to study electrokinetic properties of nuclei in human buccal epithelial cells after microwave exposure at wavelengths of 8 mm and 16 mm with a surface power density of 0.2 mW/cm(2). Microwave irradiation for 15-60 s induced ENN changes, decreasing ENN when it was initially elevated and increasing it when initially low. No significant difference between the action of microwaves of wavelengths of 8 mm and 16 mm was found. Microwave exposure increased membrane permeability for the in vivo dye indigo Carmine in cells from all donors regardless of initial ENN levels.

The effects of low level microwaves on the fluidity of photoreceptor cell membrane.

Pologea-Moraru R, Kovacs E, Iliescu KR, Calota V, Sajin G · 2002

Researchers studied the effects of low-power microwaves at 2.45 GHz on the membrane fluidity of rod photoreceptor cells. The researchers expected the retina to be very sensitive to microwave irradiation due to the polar character of photoreceptor cells and high water content.

Effects of high- frequency electromagnetic fields on DNA strand breaks using comet assay method

Miyakoshi, J., Yoshida, M., Tarusawa, Y., et al. · 2002

Comparison of dose dependences for bioeffects of continuous-wave and high-peak power microwave emissions using gel-suspended cell cultures.

Pakhomov AG, Gaj ek P, Allen L, Stuck BE, Murphy MR · 2002

Researchers compared bioeffects of continuous wave and extremely high power pulse microwaves at 9.3 GHz and 1.25 W average power using yeast cell density in agarose gel. Cell density was strongly affected by irradiation and correlated with local temperature rise, but no statistically significant difference between CW and EHPP was found across the SAR range. A trend (P<0.1) for a difference appeared at average SAR of 100 W/kg and higher, corresponding to peak SAR above 20 MW/kg for EHPP.