5G and Cell Tower Radiation Research

P., Bellier, P. V., Gajda, G. B., Lavallee, B. F., Marro, L., Lemay, E. and Thansandote, A

McNamee, J. · 2003

Nonlinear changes in brain electrical activity due to cell phone radiation

Marino AA, Nilsen E, Frilot C · 2003

Researchers exposed rabbits to cell phone radiation (800 MHz, 600 mW) simulating normal human use and measured EEG changes using a nonlinear recurrence analysis. The EEG was significantly affected in nine of ten rabbits, with increased randomness beginning about 100 ms after field onset and lasting approximately 300 ms. Control experiments showed no effect after sacrifice or when the antenna was moved to the chest, indicating the effect required brain energy absorption.

The effect of chronic exposure to 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA radiofrequency radiation on the incidence of spontaneous tumors in rats.

La Regina M et al. · 2003

Eighty male and 80 female rats were randomly placed in each of three irradiation groups: sham, 835.62 MHz FDMA, and 847.74 MHz CDMA, with exposure 4 hours per day, 5 days per week for 2 years. There were no significant differences in final body weights or survival days between groups, and no significant differences in any tumor incidence between treated and sham-exposed animals. The researchers concluded that chronic exposure to 835.62 MHz FDMA or 847.74 MHz CDMA RF radiation had no significant effect on spontaneous tumor incidence in F344 rats.

Comparisons of peak SAR levels in concentric sphere head models of children and adults for irradiation by a dipole at 900 MHz.

Anderson V. · 2003

The study aimed to examine the scale and significance of differences in peak specific energy absorption rate (SAR) in the brains of children and adults exposed to radiofrequency emissions from mobile phones. Model analyses using a three-layered spherical head exposed to a dipole at 900 MHz showed that peak brain 10 g averaged SAR in 4, 8, 12, and 16 year olds increased by factors of 1.31, 1.23, 1.15, and 1.07 compared to an average adult. The researchers concluded that the relatively small scale of these increases does not warrant special precautionary measures for child mobile phone users.

Effects of In Vivo Exposure to GSM-Modulated 900 MHz Radiation on Mouse Peripheral Lymphocytes.

Gatta L et al. · 2003

Researchers exposed C57BL/6 mice to 900 MHz GSM-modulated radiation at SAR 1 or 2 W/kg for 2 hours per day over 1, 2, or 4 weeks. The number of spleen cells, percentages of B and T cells, and CD4/CD8 distribution were not altered by exposure. After 1 week of exposure, IFN-gamma production increased, but this effect was not seen after 2 or 4 weeks.

Effects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular telephone on epidermal Merkel cells.

Irmak MK, Oztas E, Yagmurca M, Fadillioglu E, Bakir B. · 2003

Researchers investigated the influence of electromagnetic radiation from a 900 MHz cellular telephone on Merkel cells in rats. One group of rats was exposed to a cellular telephone in speech position for 30 minutes while another group was sham-exposed under the same conditions. Exposure led to significantly higher exocytotic activity in Merkel cells compared with the sham exposure group.

Exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to electromagnetic fields associated with cellular phones leads to chromosomal instability.

Mashevich M et al. · 2003

Israeli researchers exposed human blood cells to cell phone radiation (830 MHz) for 72 hours and found that higher radiation levels caused increasing chromosomal damage, specifically abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy). This type of genetic damage is known to increase cancer risk. The researchers confirmed this wasn't due to heating effects, proving the radiation itself damages DNA through non-thermal mechanisms.

Immunotropic Effects in Cultured Human Blood Mononuclear Cells Pre-exposed to Low-Level 1300 MHz Pulse-Modulated Microwave Field Electromag.

Dabrowski MP et al. · 2003

Researchers exposed cultured human blood mononuclear cells isolated from 16 healthy donors to 1300 MHz pulse-modulated microwaves at a power density of 10 W/m2 and a SAR of 0.18 W/kg. Lymphocyte proliferative responses and IL-2 receptor saturation did not change, though lymphocyte production of IL-10 increased (P < .001). Monocyte production of IL-1β increased significantly (P < .01), the concentration of its antagonist IL-1ra dropped by half (P < .01), and TNF-α remained unchanged. The researchers concluded that pulse-modulated microwaves represent the potential of immunotropic influence, stimulating preferentially the immunogenic and proinflammatory activity of monocytes at relatively low levels of exposure.

Immunotropic effects in cultured human blood mononuclear cells pre-exposed to low-level 1300 MHz pulse- modulated microwave field.

Dabrowski MP et al. · 2003

Researchers exposed immune cells from 16 healthy people to low-level cell phone radiation (1300 MHz) and found significant changes in immune system function. The radiation increased production of inflammatory molecules (IL-1β and IL-10) while decreasing protective factors, essentially pushing the immune system toward a more inflammatory state. These changes occurred at radiation levels similar to what you might experience from cell phone use.

1439 MHz pulsed TDMA fields affect performance of rats in a T-maze task only when body temperature is elevated.

Yamaguchi H et al. · 2003

Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to pulsed 1439 MHz TDMA fields at a brain SAR of 7.5 W/kg for 1 hour daily over 4 days or 4 weeks. Other rats were exposed at a brain SAR of 25 W/kg for 45 minutes daily for 4 days. Rats exposed at 25 W/kg for 4 days showed statistically significant decreases in correct choices in a T-maze reversal task, while rats exposed at 7.5 W/kg for 4 days or 4 weeks showed no performance impairments. Intraperitoneal temperature increased only at the 25 W/kg exposure level. The authors concluded that TDMA fields at levels about four times higher than cell phone emissions do not affect learning and memory when no thermal effects occur.

Genotoxic Potential of 1.6 GHz Wireless Communication Signal: In Vivo Two-Year Bioassay.

Vijayalaxmi, Sasser LB, Morris JE, Wilson BW, Anderson LE. · 2003

Timed-pregnant Fischer 344 rats and their nursing offspring were exposed to a far-field 1.6 GHz Iridium signal for 2 h/day, 7 days/week. The offspring then received chronic head-only near-field exposure to a 1.6 GHz signal for 2 h/day, 5 days/week over 2 years. Near-field exposures were conducted at brain SARs of 0.16 or 1.6 W/kg. The incidence of micronuclei in bone marrow did not differ significantly between exposed, sham-exposed, and cage control rats.

Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations, emitted by a cellular phone, modify cutaneous blood flow.

Monfrecola G, Moffa G, Procaccini EM. · 2003

The study assessed the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation emitted by CFs on cutaneous blood flow in 30 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 53 years. Cutaneous blood flow was measured on the ear skin with a laser Doppler He-Ne flowmeter under controlled temperature and humidity. Microflow was recorded across phases T0 through T6, including no CF contact, CF off touching the ear, CF on, CF on and receiving, then back through CF on, CF off, and no contact. During phases T1 to T5 microflow increased by 61.38% to 157.67% relative to baseline, and all these phases showed statistically significant elevations compared with baseline.

Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave exposures on the peroxidation status in Wistar rats

Aweda MA, Gbenebitse S, Meidinyo RO · 2003

Researchers studied the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave exposure on the lipid peroxidation status of 120 Wistar rats at a power density of 6 mWcm(-2). Lipid peroxidation status in the rats was monitored for 8 weeks after irradiation using the thiobarbituric acid method. Microwave exposure raised the lipid peroxidation status from a mean control value of 4.18 x 10(-6)g 1(-1) to a maximum of 6.50 x 10(-6) g 1(-1) within the first 24 hours, after which it gradually returned toward the control value. The results demonstrated that microwave exposures cause a significant increase in lipid peroxidation status and that ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol had protective effects.

Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave exposures on the peroxidation status in Wistar rats.

Aweda MA, Gbenebitse S, Meidinyo RO. · 2003

Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (WiFi frequency) and found it increased cellular damage by 56% within 24 hours. Vitamins C and E provided significant protection when given beforehand, suggesting antioxidants may help reduce microwave-induced oxidative stress in living tissue.

GSM modulated radiofrequency radiation does not affect 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion of rats.

Bakos J, Kubinyi G, Sinay H, Thuroczy G. · 2003

Researchers studied the effect of 900 and 1800 MHz GSM-like radiofrequency radiation on urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in adult male Wistar rats. Seventy-two rats were used in six independent experiments with exposures in a GTEM cell at power densities of 100 μW/cm² at 900 MHz and 20 μW/cm² at 1800 MHz. Animals were exposed for 2 hours daily between 8:00 AM and noon for 14 days with 218 Hz GSM modulation. No statistically significant changes in 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion were found at either frequency.

Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave exposures on the peroxidation status in Wistar rats

Aweda MA, Gbenebitse S, Meidinyo RO · 2003

Researchers exposed 120 rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency as microwave ovens) and found it significantly increased harmful oxidative stress in their bodies. However, giving the rats antioxidants like vitamin C and vitamin E before exposure provided substantial protection against this cellular damage.

Non-thermal exposure to radiofrequency energy from digital wireless phones does not affect ornithine decarboxylase activity in L929 Cells.

Desta AB, Owen RD, Cress LW. · 2003

Researchers exposed L929 murine fibroblast cells to radiofrequency radiation from a time division multiple access wireless phone operating at 835 MHz to determine the effect on ornithine decarboxylase activity. Exposure lasted 8 hours at average specific absorption rates ranging from less than 1 W/kg up to 15 W/kg, after which cells were harvested and ODC activity was measured. No statistically significant difference in ODC activity was found between exposed and sham-exposed cells at non-thermal specific absorption rates. At SARs that caused measurable heating, a dose-dependent decrease in enzymatic activity was observed and was consistent with a comparable decrease caused by non-RF-radiation heating.

Electromagnetic interference of GSM mobile phones with the implantable deep brain stimulator, ITREL-III.

Kainz W, Alesch F, Chan DD. · 2003

Researchers tested 10 GSM phones at 900 MHz and 10 at 1800 MHz on the ITREL-III deep brain stimulator in a phantom model. At maximum phone power of 2 W at 900 MHz and 1 W at 1800 MHz, no influence on the stimulator was observed, and pulse shape and single pulses remained unchanged. However, tests with continuous-wave signals showed inhibition occurs at power levels below GSM phone emissions, with the device more sensitive at 1800 MHz than at 900 MHz and a very low interference threshold around 1500 MHz. The authors concluded no direct risk for patients using the tested phones but recommended precautions similar to cardiac pacemaker guidelines.

Effects of GSM-900 microwaves on the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat model of multiple sclerosis.

Anane R et al. · 2003

Researchers investigated the effects of acute GSM-900 microwave exposure on the clinical parameters of the acute EAE rat model in two independent experiments with habituated and nonhabituated rats. Female Lewis rats were divided into cage control, sham exposed, and two groups exposed at 1.5 or 6.0 W/kg local SAR averaged over the brain using a loop antenna over their heads. EAE was induced with a mixture of myelin basic protein and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The 21-day exposure at 2 hours per day had no effect on the onset, duration, or termination of the EAE crisis.

[Effects of 2,450 MHz microwave on DNA damage induced by three chemical mutagens in vitro]

Zhang MB, Jin LF, He JL, Hu J, Zheng W. · 2003

The study aimed to investigate the combined DNA-damaging effects of low-intensity 2,450 MHz microwave radiation with three chemical mutagens on human lymphocyte DNA. Microwave exposure alone did not significantly increase comet tail length compared with controls at 0 h or 21 h incubation. When lymphocytes were incubated with 30.00 micro mol/L or 3.00 micro mol/L MMC, microwave exposure significantly increased comet tail lengths compared with MMC alone. Combinations of microwave with BLM or MMS did not produce significantly greater DNA damage than BLM or MMS alone.

Effects of GSM-900 microwaves on DMBA-induced mammary gland tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Anane R et al. · 2003

Researchers tested whether whole-body exposure to GSM-900 microwaves affected tumor promotion and progression in female Sprague-Dawley rats with DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Results were negative for tumor latency, multiplicity, and volume, though in the first experiment tumor incidence was higher at 1.4 W/kg but less so at 2.2 W/kg and not at all at 3.5 W/kg. Overall the results were considered rather inconsistent and did not bring new evidence of a co-promoting effect of GSM-900 exposure.

Nonthermal effects of mobile-phone frequency microwaves on uteroplacental functions in pregnant rats.

Nakamura H et al. · 2003

Researchers compared microwave exposure to water immersion at matched temperature rises in thirty-six pregnant rats assigned to six groups with 90-minute exposures. No significant differences in uteroplacental circulation or placental endocrine and immune functions were found between rats exposed to 0.6 mW/cm2 microwaves and those immersed at 38 °C. At 3 mW/cm2, microwaves caused significant decreases in uteroplacental blood flow and estradiol compared with rats immersed at 40 °C.

The Microwave Syndrome: A Preliminary Study in Spain.

Navarro EA, Sequra J, Portoles M, Gomez-Perretta de Mateo C · 2003

Researchers conducted a health survey near a cellular phone base station operating at DCS-1800 MHz in Murcia, Spain. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between declared symptom severity and measured power density, and the higher exposure group reported increased severity.

No Evidence for Genotoxic Effects from 24 h Exposure of Human Leukocytes to 1.9 GHz Radiofrequency Fields.

McNamee et al. · 2003

Researchers examined the effect of 24-hour continuous-wave and pulsed-wave 1.9 GHz radiofrequency fields on primary DNA damage and micronucleus induction in human leukocyte cultures. No significant differences in primary DNA damage were observed between sham controls and any exposed cultures when assessed by the alkaline comet assay immediately after exposure. Similarly, no significant differences were found in micronucleus incidence, micronucleated binucleated cells, binucleated cell frequency, or proliferation index between sham and exposed cultures.

No Evidence for Genotoxic Effects from 24 h Exposure of Human Leukocytes to 1.9 GHz Radiofrequency Fields

McNamee et al. · 2003

Researchers exposed human white blood cells to 1.9 GHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to what cell phones emit) for 24 hours at power levels up to 10 watts per kilogram. They found no DNA damage or genetic changes in the cells, even after this extended exposure period at levels much higher than typical phone use.