Adang D, Remacle C, Vorst AV. · 2009
Researchers exposed four-month-old Wistar albino rats to two different microwave frequencies and exposure modes for 2 hours a day, seven days a week, over 21 months. They measured leucocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and mortality rate. After three and eight months, monocytes differed by about 20% in the 970-MHz continuous wave group; after 14 and 18 months, white blood cells increased about 15% and neutrophils about 25%; lymphocytes fell about 15% at 18 months. Mortality in exposed groups increased after 21 months at age 25 months and reached almost twice the sham-exposed value by age 28 months.
Atay T et al. · 2009
Researchers investigated the effects of electromagnetic waves from cellular phones operating at 900 to 1800 MHz on bone mineral density of the human iliac bone wings in 150 male volunteers. Participants were divided into two groups based on the iliac side exposed to electromagnetic waves (group 1) and the unexposed side (group 2). The mean daily phone carriage duration was 14.7 hours and the mean duration of phone use was 6.2 years. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements showed slightly lower values on the exposed side but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), and values were not as low as in osteopenia or osteoporosis.
Budak GG, Muluk NB, Budak B, Oztürk GG, Apan A, Seyhan N. · 2009
Researchers studied thirty-six infant male New Zealand rabbits divided into four groups with different exposure regimens. Group 2 received extrauterine exposure for 15 minutes daily over 14 days, Group 3 received intrauterine exposure for 15 minutes daily over 7 days, and Group 4 received both exposures. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions were measured across frequencies from 1.0 to 8.0 kHz. Extrauterine exposure alone decreased emission amplitudes at 4.0 and 6.0 kHz compared with controls. Combined intrauterine and extrauterine exposure increased amplitudes at 1.5, 3.0, and 4.0 kHz relative to controls and the extrauterine group.
Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to mobile phone signals for 4 weeks (50 missed calls daily) and then tested their ability to navigate a water maze to find a hidden platform. The phone-exposed rats took three times longer to find the target area and spent half as much time in the correct location compared to unexposed rats. This suggests that mobile phone radiation may impair spatial memory and learning abilities.
de Gannes FP et al. · 2009
In the study, 16 Fischer 344 rats (14 weeks old) were exposed head-only to the GSM-900 signal for 2 h at various brain-averaged SARs (0, 0.14 and 2.0 W/kg) or were used as cage or positive controls. Albumin leakage and neuron degeneration were evaluated 14 and 50 days after exposure. No statistically significant albumin leakage was observed. Neuronal degeneration assessed using cresyl violet or Fluoro-Jade B was not significantly different among the tested groups. No apoptotic neurons were found 14 days after the last exposure using the TUNEL method.
Finnie JW, Chidlow G, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Cai Z · 2009
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily throughout gestation. Fetal brains were examined for heat shock proteins HSP25, HSP32, and HSP70. No induction of HSP32 or HSP70 was found in any brains, and HSP25 expression was similar in exposed and control groups. The study concluded that whole-gestation exposure did not produce a stress response detectable by HSPs.
Parazzini M et al. · 2009
Participants received 20 minutes of genuine or sham RF exposure at maximum phone output with 69 mW/kg SAR in the cochlea region. Auditory function was measured before and after exposure using hearing thresholds, otoacoustic emissions, and auditory evoked potentials. No consistent pattern of effects was found, and an isolated high-frequency threshold change was not statistically significant after multiple comparison correction. Researchers concluded that short-term UMTS exposure at maximum consumer phone output does not cause measurable immediate auditory effects.
de Gannes FP et al. · 2009
The study aimed to confirm earlier Russian and Ukrainian data on 2450 MHz microwave effects on immunological processes and teratology in rats. All results using ELISA and classic teratology end points were negative. The researchers concluded that exposure at 2450 MHz, CW, 7h/day for 30 days at 0.16 W/kg whole-body SAR had no influence on several immune and degenerative parameters or prenatal development.
Unknown authors · 2008
Researchers developed child head models based on magnetic resonance imaging and analyzed maximum SAR over 10 g in seven child and six adult heterogeneous head models. They also assessed SAR over 1 g in specific tissues for both child and adult head models. Simulations showed that maximum SAR over 10 g differed little between adults and children relative to variability, but maximum SAR in 1 g of peripheral brain tissue was about two times higher in child models aged 5–8 years than in adult models, with no difference for older children.
Sokolovic D et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed Wistar rats to microwave radiation from a mobile test phone for 20, 40, and 60 days to evaluate oxidative stress in brain tissue and whether melatonin could reduce it. Exposure led to a significant increase in malondialdehyde and carbonyl group concentrations in brain tissue, along with decreased catalase activity and increased xanthine oxidase activity. Melatonin treatment significantly prevented the rise in MDA content and xanthine oxidase activity after 40 days of exposure, but was unable to prevent the decrease in catalase activity or the increase in carbonyl group content.
Nittby H et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed rats to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation for 2 hours each week for 55 weeks at SAR levels of 0.6 and 60 mW/kg, then compared them to sham-exposed controls. GSM-exposed rats had impaired memory for objects and their temporal order of presentation compared to sham-exposed controls (P = 0.02). Detecting the place in which an object was presented was not affected by GSM exposure, and no difference in exploratory behaviour was seen in the open-field test.
Nittby H et al. · 2008
Swedish researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation for 55 weeks and found significant memory problems compared to unexposed rats. The exposed animals had trouble remembering objects and when they encountered them, suggesting chronic mobile phone radiation may impair specific memory functions.
Eberhardt JL, Persson BR, Brun AE, Salford LG, Malmgren LO · 2008
Researchers exposed rats to GSM microwave signals in the 900 MHz band and measured blood-brain barrier permeability and signs of neuronal damage after recovery periods of 14 or 28 days. Non-anaesthetized rats were sham exposed or exposed to microwaves for 2 hours at whole-body specific absorption rates of 0.12, 1.2, 12, or 120 mW/kg. Albumin leakage and its uptake into neurons was enhanced after 14 days but not after the 28-day recovery period, while the occurrence of dark neurons was enhanced after 28 days.
Eberhardt JL, Persson BR, Brun AE, Salford LG, Malmgren LO. · 2008
Swedish researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation at 900 MHz for 2 hours and examined their brains 14 and 28 days later. They found that the radiation compromised the blood-brain barrier (the protective shield around the brain) and caused nerve cell damage. The blood-brain barrier leaked proteins into brain tissue within 14 days, while actual nerve cell death appeared after 28 days.
Schwarz C et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed human cultured fibroblasts and human lymphocyte cultures to 1,950 MHz UMTS electromagnetic fields at specific absorption rates below the safety limit of 2 W/kg. UMTS exposure increased the comet tail factor and induced centromere-negative micronuclei in human cultured fibroblasts in a dose- and time-dependent way. Incubation for 24 hours at a SAR of 0.05 W/kg produced a statistically significant rise in both the comet tail factor and micronuclei (P = 0.02). No UMTS effect was found in lymphocytes, whether unstimulated or stimulated with Phytohemagglutinin. The researchers concluded that UMTS exposure may cause genetic alterations in some but not in all human cells in vitro.
Schwarz C et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed human cells to 3G mobile phone radiation (UMTS at 1,950 MHz) at levels well below safety limits to test for DNA damage. They found that certain cells called fibroblasts showed significant genetic damage after exposure, while immune cells called lymphocytes were unaffected. This suggests that 3G radiation can cause DNA damage in some human cell types even at supposedly safe exposure levels.
Nagaoka T, Kunieda E, Watanabe S · 2008
Researchers used an existing Japanese adult voxel model and three-dimensional deformation to create models representing average-size Japanese children at 3, 5, and 7 years old. The models consist of cubic voxels 2 mm on each side segmented into 51 tissues and organs. They calculated whole-body-averaged and tissue-averaged specific absorption rates for the child models exposed to plane waves from 30 MHz to 3 GHz and compared the results with scaled down adult models. They also determined the incident electric-field strength needed to produce a whole-body-averaged SAR of 0.08 W kg(-1), the ICNIRP basic restriction for general public exposure.
Croft RJ et al. · 2008
Researchers tested 120 healthy participants in a double-blind, counterbalanced crossover design, with each person receiving a 30-minute active and a 30-minute sham exposure one week apart while EEG data were recorded. The purpose of the study was to test one of the strongest findings in the literature, that of increased alpha power in response to MP-type radiation. Overall alpha power was enhanced during exposure, with the effect larger at sites on the same side as the exposure source than on the opposite side over posterior regions. After exposure ended, no overall change to alpha power was observed, though there was less alpha power contralateral to the exposure source relative to the ipsilateral side.
Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Ulukaya E, Uzunlar AK, Yegin D. · 2008
Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical staining for cleaved caspase-3 in testicular tissue. The exposed group showed no statistically significant difference in apoptosis scores compared to sham and cage control groups.
Roux D et al. · 2008
Researchers exposed tomato plants to 900 MHz, 5 V m(-1) electromagnetic fields for 10 minutes using a Mode Stirred Reverberation Chamber. Within minutes, stress-related mRNAs for calmodulin, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and proteinase inhibitor accumulated in a rapid, large, three-phase pattern typical of an environmental stress response. Transcript accumulation was maximal at normal calcium levels, depressed at higher calcium, and completely suppressed when calcium was removed with chelators or channel blockers. Thirty minutes after exposure, ATP concentration and adenylate energy charge transiently decreased, and the uncoupler CCCP prevented transcript accumulation entirely.
George DF, Bilek MM, McKenzie DR. · 2008
Researchers studied the effect of 2,450 MHz microwaves on protein unfolding using surface plasmon resonance sensing. They used citrate synthase which binds to alpha crystallin chaperone when unfolded, and compared microwave heating with ambient heating and combined heating to the same final temperature. Microwaves caused a significantly higher degree of unfolding than conventional thermal stress at the same maximum temperature.
Höytö A, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. · 2008
Researchers exposed human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and mouse L929 fibroblast cells to 872 MHz radiofrequency radiation at a specific absorption rate of 5 W/kg, using either continuous waves or a GSM-modulated signal. Two statistically significant differences related to RF radiation were found: t-BOOH-induced lipid peroxidation was increased in SH-SY5Y cells, and menadione-induced caspase 3 activity was increased in L929 cells, but both only for the GSM-modulated signal. No other endpoints were significantly affected, and no effects were observed from RF radiation exposure alone.
Höytö A, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J · 2008
Finnish researchers exposed human brain cells and mouse cells to 872 MHz radiation (similar to cell phone frequencies) at high power levels, both alone and combined with chemical stressors. They found that RF radiation by itself caused no effects, but when combined with oxidative stress chemicals, it amplified certain cellular damage markers in specific cell types.
Djeridane Y, Touitou Y, de Seze R. · 2008
Researchers exposed 20 healthy men to 900 MHz GSM radiation from a cellular phone for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. Blood samples were taken hourly at night and every 3 hours during the day across four sessions spaced 15 days apart, using each man's pre-exposure levels as his control. All hormone levels stayed within normal ranges, and circadian patterns of prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropin, and testosterone were not disrupted, while growth hormone and cortisol maximum levels decreased significantly during exposure but returned to baseline afterward.
Kleinlogel H et al. · 2008
Researchers tested whether cell phone radiation from GSM and UMTS networks affects brain activity and cognitive performance in 15 healthy adults. They measured brain waves and reaction times during various mental tasks while participants were exposed to phone radiation at levels typical of actual phone use. The study found no significant changes in brain activity or cognitive function during EMF exposure compared to fake (sham) exposure.
