Mousavy SJ et al. · 2009
Researchers investigated the effect of mobile phone RF (910 MHz and 940 MHz) on the structure and function of HbA. Oxygen affinity was measured using sodium dithionite with a UV-vis spectrophotometer, and structural changes were studied by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicated that mobile phone EMFs altered oxygen affinity and tertiary structure of HbA. Furthermore, the decrease of oxygen affinity of HbA corresponded to the EMFs intensity and time of exposure.
Naziroğlu M, Gümral N. · 2009
Researchers divided thirty rats into five groups to study the effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation on the brain's antioxidant system and EEG records. Exposed rats received 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation for 60 minutes per day for 28 days, after which EEG records and brain cortex samples were collected. Brain cortex concentrations of vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E were lower in the exposed group than in controls, though these concentrations were increased by selenium and L-carnitine supplementation. L-carnitine appeared to have a more protective effect on vitamin concentrations than selenium.
Naziroğlu M, Gümral N. · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz radiation (the same frequency used in WiFi and microwaves) for one hour daily over 28 days and found it depleted protective antioxidant vitamins in brain tissue. When rats were given selenium or L-carnitine supplements, these nutrients helped protect against the radiation-induced vitamin depletion. This suggests that WiFi-frequency radiation creates oxidative stress in the brain that may be partially countered by certain antioxidant supplements.
Naziroğlu M, Gümral N · 2009
Turkish researchers exposed rats to WiFi-frequency radiation (2.45 GHz) for one hour daily over 28 days and found it depleted key brain antioxidants including vitamins A, C, and E. When rats were given selenium or L-carnitine supplements during exposure, these protective nutrients were largely restored, with L-carnitine showing stronger protective effects. This suggests that wireless device radiation creates oxidative stress in brain tissue, but certain antioxidants may help counteract this damage.
Wiholm C et al. · 2009
Researchers studied the effects of a 2 1/2 h RF exposure at 884 MHz on spatial memory and learning using a double-blind repeated measures design. The exposure was designed to mimic that experienced during a real-life mobile phone conversation, with an average peak spatial specific absorption rate of 1.4 W/kg. Results showed a significant RF exposure by group effect on distance traveled during the trials, with the symptomatic group improving their performance during RF exposure while there was no such effect in the non-symptomatic group.
Wiholm C et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed participants to mobile phone radiation at 1.4 W/kg (similar to real phone use) for 2.5 hours while they performed spatial memory tasks on a computer. Surprisingly, people who reported symptoms from phone use actually performed better during radiation exposure, while those without symptoms showed no change. This unexpected finding challenges assumptions about how phone radiation affects brain function.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed developing brain cells to cell phone radiation (900 MHz GSM at 1 W/kg) for up to 6 days and found that the radiation significantly reduced the growth of neurites - the branch-like extensions that neurons use to connect with each other. This disruption occurred in both mouse and rat brain cells, suggesting that cell phone radiation may interfere with normal brain development at the cellular level.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed developing brain cells to cell phone radiation at 900 MHz (the same frequency used by GSM phones) and found it reduced the number of nerve branches that normally grow during brain development. The radiation also increased production of beta-thymosin, a protein that regulates cell structure, suggesting the EMF interfered with normal neural maturation processes.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
This in vitro study examined how continuous GSM-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure (900 MHz, 1 W/kg SAR) affected neural cell viability and vulnerability to neurotoxic challenges in two cell systems: SN56 cholinergic cells and rat primary cortical neurons. RF exposure alone did not affect cell viability or proliferation, but co-exposure with hydrogen peroxide exacerbated neurotoxic effects in SN56 cells only, while no cooperative effects were observed with glutamate or beta-amyloid.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Italian researchers exposed developing brain cells to 900 MHz GSM cell phone radiation at 1 W/kg and found it reduced the growth of neural projections (neurites) that are critical for brain development. The study used both mouse brain cell lines and rat brain neurons, finding consistent effects across both models within 24-72 hours of exposure.
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Del Vecchio G et al. · 2009
Italian scientists exposed brain cells to cell phone radiation for six days. The radiation alone didn't harm cells, but when combined with hydrogen peroxide, it increased damage to certain brain cells. This suggests cell phone radiation might amplify other sources of brain cell damage.
Sirav B, Seyhan N · 2009
Researchers investigated the effects of 900 and 1,800 MHz continuous-wave radio frequency radiation on blood-brain barrier permeability in rats. Twenty minutes of exposure at both frequencies increased blood-brain barrier permeability in male rats, while female rats showed no change. The researchers noted that the scientific evidence on radio frequency radiation safety or harm remains inconclusive.
Ogawa K et al. · 2009
The study exposed four groups of pregnant CD(SD) IGS rats to a 1.95-GHz W-CDMA signal for 90 minutes daily on gestational days 7–17, with spatial average brain SARs of 0.67 and 2.0 W/kg for low and high exposure groups. On gestational day 20, all dams were killed by cesarean section and fetuses were evaluated for numbers of live, dead, and resorbed embryos, placental weights, sex ratios, fetal weights, and external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. Maternal body weight gain did not differ between groups, and no adverse effects were observed on any reproductive or embryotoxic parameters.
Ogawa K et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to cell phone radiation (1.95-GHz signals) for 90 minutes daily during pregnancy to see if it would harm developing babies. They tested different exposure levels, including some higher than typical cell phone use, and found no effects on pregnancy outcomes, fetal development, or birth defects. The study suggests that cell phone radiation at these levels doesn't appear to cause developmental problems during pregnancy.
Eltiti S et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed 44 sensitive and 44 matched-control participants to GSM, UMTS, and sham signals for 50 minutes at 10 mW/m2 under double-blind conditions. Participants performed digit symbol substitution, digit span, and mental arithmetic tasks during exposure. Cognitive functioning and physiological measures including blood volume pulse, heart rate, and skin conductance were not affected by exposure.
de Gannes FP et al. · 2009
Researchers exposed rats to cell phone radiation (GSM-900) for 2 hours and checked for brain damage 14 and 50 days later. They found no evidence of blood-brain barrier leakage or neuronal death at exposure levels ranging from very low to high. This study directly contradicted earlier research that claimed similar exposures caused significant brain damage.
Unknown authors · 2009
Researchers exposed sixty-four male F344 rats to a 915 MHz electromagnetic field at whole-body average specific absorption rates of 0, 0.02, 0.2 and 2.0 W/kg for 2 hours. The brains were examined 14 and 50 days after exposure using histological and immunohistochemical methods. No albumin immunoreactivity was observed in any exposed group. Dark neurons were rare and did not differ significantly between exposed and sham-exposed animals. The authors concluded that the study did not confirm the earlier findings of Salford et al.
Unknown authors · 2009
Japanese researchers exposed 64 rats to 915 MHz electromagnetic fields (similar to older cordless phones) for 2 hours at various power levels, then examined their brains 14 and 50 days later. They found no evidence of blood-brain barrier damage or neuron death, contradicting earlier Swedish research that claimed such effects occurred.
Unknown authors · 2009
Japanese researchers exposed 64 rats to 915 MHz electromagnetic fields (similar to older cell phone frequencies) for 2 hours at various power levels, then examined their brains 14 and 50 days later. They found no evidence of blood-brain barrier damage or neuronal harm, contradicting an earlier Swedish study that claimed such effects. This represents an important failure to replicate concerning brain damage claims.
Salama N, Kishimoto T, Kanayama HO, Kagawa S · 2009
Researchers used 30 adult male rabbits and exposed the phone group to 900 MHz radio frequency in standby mode for 8 hours daily over 12 weeks. At week 10 the phone group showed a significant drop in fructose levels and motile sperm percentage compared with baseline. Citrate levels and other measured parameters did not change significantly in any group throughout the study.
Unknown authors · 2009
Researchers conducted a confirmation study to test whether 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation alters the blood-brain barrier in rats. Unanesthetized rats were exposed for 30 minutes to continuous-wave or modulated 915 MHz energy at whole-body SARs of 0.0018 to 20 W/kg. Albumin immunohistochemistry on perfused brain sections showed no significant increase in albumin extravasation in exposed rats compared to sham-exposed or home cage controls.
Unknown authors · 2009
Air Force researchers exposed rats to 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to cell phone frequencies) for 30 minutes at various power levels to test whether it damages the blood-brain barrier. They found no detectable leakage of albumin proteins across this protective barrier, contradicting earlier studies from Lund University that reported blood-brain barrier damage from similar exposures.
López-Martín E et al. · 2009
Researchers studied whether pulse-modulated GSM radiation had different effects on brain activity than an unmodulated signal of the same wavelength, and examined c-Fos expression in seizure-related brain circuits. Rats made seizure-prone with picrotoxin and then exposed to GSM radiation showed differences in clinical and EEG signs and in c-Fos expression compared with picrotoxin-treated rats exposed to unmodulated radiation. The most marked effects of GSM radiation on c-Fos expression in picrotoxin-treated rats were observed in limbic structures, olfactory cortex areas, subcortical areas, the dentate gyrus, and the central lateral nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar nucleus group. Neither radiation treatment caused tissue heating, so the researchers ruled out thermal effects.
Dimbylow PJ, Nagaoka T, Xu XG. · 2009
The study compared foetal specific absorption rate (SAR) across three sets of pregnant female computational models. The models included a 26-week foetal model from the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, and models at 13, 26, and 38 weeks from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. FDTD calculations were performed at a resolution of 2 mm for a plane wave with a vertically aligned electric field incident upon the body from the front, back and two sides from 20 MHz to 3 GHz under isolated conditions. The researchers compared external electric field values required to produce the ICNIRP public exposure localized restriction of 2 W kg(-1) when averaged over 10 g of the foetus with the ICNIRP reference levels.
