Unknown authors · 2025
Chick embryos were exposed continuously to 2.4 GHz EMR for 4 hours each day over 5 days, and SH-SY5Y cells were also exposed to assess cell viability, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Exposure increased ROS production in SH-SY5Y cells after 4 hours, caused moderate DNA damage, and upregulated the Bax gene as an early apoptosis marker. Antioxidants NAC and Mito-TEMPO reduced the cytotoxic effects of EMR in both models.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed developing chick embryos and human nerve cells to 2.4 GHz radiation (the same frequency used by WiFi and Bluetooth) for 4 hours daily over 5 days. They found increased oxidative stress and early signs of cell death in both models, though antioxidants helped reduce these harmful effects. The study suggests even short-term exposure to common wireless frequencies can damage developing brain tissue at the cellular level.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed developing chick embryos and human brain cells to 2.4 GHz radiation (the same frequency used by WiFi and Bluetooth) for 4 hours daily over 5 days. The study found that this short-term exposure increased oxidative stress and triggered early signs of cell death in brain tissue, though antioxidants helped reduce these harmful effects.
Unknown authors · 2025
The study applied continuous Wi-Fi radiation at 2.4 GHz and 200–500 µW/m² for nine days to chicken embryos. Overall mesonephros development was not adversely affected, but moderate diffuse degenerative changes appeared in mesonephric corpuscles and tubules. Congested blood vessels were observed in the interstitium without inflammatory infiltrate. The exposed group showed significantly more apoptotic and proliferating cells and up-regulated caspase-1 gene expression.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers used 21 New Zealand rabbits divided into three groups of seven, with a control group and two groups exposed to 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz radiation. Exposure was maintained at a constant power intensity of 15 dBm for 38 minutes per day under non-thermal conditions with RF levels about ten times lower than normal. Blood-brain barrier permeability was assessed by measuring Evans blue dye in brain tissue using spectrophotometry at 620 nm. No statistically significant difference was found for 1800 MHz exposure, but 2100 MHz exposure produced a statistically significant difference at the 95% confidence level with a decrease in EB values.
Unknown authors · 2025
Swiss researchers exposed 34 people to 5G signals (3.6 GHz and 700 MHz) for 30 minutes before sleep and monitored their brain waves during sleep. They found that people with a specific genetic variant showed altered brain wave patterns (faster sleep spindles) only when exposed to 3.6 GHz 5G radiation. This suggests that genetic differences may determine how sensitive individuals are to 5G's effects on brain activity during sleep.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers exposed 9-day-old chicken embryos to Wi-Fi radiation (2.4 GHz) for the entire incubation period and found cellular damage in developing kidney tissue. While overall organ development appeared normal, the radiation caused degenerative changes, increased cell death, and altered gene expression in the mesonephros (embryonic kidney). This suggests Wi-Fi radiation can disrupt normal tissue development even at low power levels.
Unknown authors · 2025
Temperature was the dominant factor, with optimal development at 30–32 °C. RF exposure at 18 GHz accelerated development at intermediate temperatures, but extreme RF and suboptimal temperatures prolonged development. Aedes aegypti was more sensitive to temperature changes than Aedes albopictus.
Sailo L et al. · 2025
Researchers gave a symptom questionnaire to 183 highly exposed and 126 reference residents matched on demographics in a hilly city in Mizoram, India. They measured RF-EMF levels in residents' lounge rooms and compared symptoms between those living closer than 300 meters and farther than 400 meters from base stations. Residents living closer reported more symptoms in all four health categories, and higher exposure levels were the only factor predicting the number of symptoms.
Dom NC, Dapari R, Halim NMHNA, Rahman ATA · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers continuously exposed chicken embryos to Wi-Fi radiation at 2.4 GHz and 300 µW/m² for 9 and 14 embryonic days. Standard haematoxylin and eosin staining showed no notable differences in large blood vessel structure between exposed and control groups. Special staining methods revealed an adverse effect of Wi-Fi on the fibrous elements of the vessel wall. Elastic fiber optical density decreased significantly at both 9 and 14 embryonic days, while collagen fiber optical density increased at day 9 and decreased at day 14.
Levitt et al · 2025
Er H, Basaranlar G., Derin N., Kantar D, Ozen S. · 2025
Researchers exposed adult rats to 2100 MHz RFR for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, for either 1 week or 10 weeks, with sham controls. In the 1-week exposure group, all auditory brainstem response wave latencies were prolonged, oxidative stress markers increased, and antioxidant enzyme activities decreased. Acute exposure also caused edema in neurons, astrocytes, and astrocytic end-feet, as well as mitochondrial damage in astrocytes. The 10-week exposure group showed no harmful effects on the auditory system.
Günay S, Delen K, Özkan ET, Kuzay Aksoy D, Sırav Aral B · 2025
Unknown authors · 2025
The study evaluated the in-vitro impact of simultaneous exposure to 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz and GSM-modulated 1.8 GHz signals on neuronal electrical activity, mitochondrial ROS production, and cellular stress protein responses. Primary cortical neurons and human immortalized skin fibroblasts were exposed at SARs of 1 or 4 W/kg for 15 minutes or 24 hours, respectively. No significant effects were found on the mean bursting rate or mean firing rate of cortical neurons, mitochondrial ROS production in fibroblasts remained unaffected, and HSF1 basal activity and responsiveness to MG132 showed no change. BRET assays detected only minor, inconsistent variations in RAS and PML basal activity and drug responsiveness, near the detection threshold.
Er H, Basaranlar G., Derin N., Kantar D, Ozen S. · 2025
Researchers exposed adult rats to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the frequency used by 3G cell phones) for either 1 week or 10 weeks, 2 hours daily. Short-term exposure delayed auditory brainstem responses and caused brain oxidative damage, while longer exposure with rest days showed no harmful effects. This suggests acute cell phone radiation exposure may temporarily impair hearing function.
Unknown authors · 2025
Researchers established a dual-frequency EMR mouse model at 0.8/2.65 GHz. Exposure to this dual-frequency EMR significantly induced anxiety-like behavior in mice. Molecular experiments showed a significant decrease in CB1R levels in the medial prefrontal cortex along with a notable reduction in the endogenous cannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide, indicating downregulation of the entire endocannabinoid system. Overexpressing and knocking down CB1R in the medial prefrontal cortex confirmed that increasing mPFC CB1R levels reduced anxiety-like behavior while decreasing mPFC CB1R levels exacerbated it. Dual-frequency EMR also induced changes in the endocannabinoid system in the basolateral amygdala, and female mice exhibited similar behavioral phenotypes and molecular mechanisms.
Laván D et al. · 2025
The researchers indirectly analyzed the relationship between oxidative-stress-responsive genes after Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz exposure and genes linked to Alzheimer’s disease. They reported that prolonged exposure to this radiation could worsen the modification of key neurodegeneration genes such as GSK3B and APOE. The authors note that the link between wireless systems and Alzheimer’s disease remains inconclusive and requires further research.
Unknown authors · 2024
Previous research found increased wakefulness in mice after prolonged exposure to 2.4 GHz electromagnetic radiation with 100 Hz square-pulsed modulation at 1/8 duty cycle. The current study addresses whether modulation frequency, pulse edge sharpness, carrier frequency, and duty cycle matter for sleep and wakefulness alteration.
Unknown authors · 2024
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed male rats to 4G mobile phone radiation (2350 MHz) for 2 hours daily over 56 days and found significant reproductive damage including reduced sperm viability, abnormal sperm, lower testosterone, and tissue damage to reproductive organs, liver, and kidneys. The study also revealed increased oxidative stress and changes in blood parameters, suggesting chronic 4G exposure may harm multiple organ systems in males.
Yavas MC, Kilitci A, Çelik E, Yegin K, Sirav B, Varol S · 2024
Researchers created two groups of seven rats each, one sham control and one exposed to 2100 MHz RF-EMF for five hours per day over 14 days. Brain tissue from exposed rats showed vascular alterations and significant edema. The exposed group had 18.26% tail DNA compared to 4.06% in controls, indicating more cellular damage. Testicular tissue showed significant deterioration of spermatogenic cells. Bax and bcl-2 gene expression changed significantly, while p53 did not.
Torres-Ruiz M et al. · 2024
Researchers exposed zebrafish embryos to unmodulated 700 MHz and 3500 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 1 and 4 hours during the blastula period and assessed outcomes up to 120 hours post fertilization. The exposure did not affect mortality, hatching, or body length, but caused specific organ morphological changes and lasting behavioral alterations in activity, anxiety-like behavior, and habituation. Effects were stronger at 700 MHz, particularly after 4 hours of exposure, and acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers created two groups of seven rats each, a sham control and an exposure group, and exposed the latter to 2100 MHz RF-EMF for five hours per day over 14 days. Histological examination of brain tissue from the exposed group revealed vascular alterations and significant edema. The comet assay showed much more cellular damage in the exposed group (18.26% tail DNA) than in controls (4.06% tail DNA). Testicular tissue showed significant deterioration of spermatogenic cells in the exposed group. Bax and bcl-2 mRNA levels differed significantly between groups, while p53 did not change.
Unknown authors · 2024
Researchers exposed rats to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 5 hours daily over 14 days, finding significant brain swelling, blood vessel changes, and DNA damage. The study also revealed deterioration in sperm-producing cells and changes in genes that control cell death. This frequency is close to what 3G and some 4G cell towers use.
