Joubert V et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to GSM-900 at 0.25 W/kg average SAR or continuous-wave 900 MHz at 2 W/kg SAR for 24 hours. No statistically significant difference in apoptosis rate was found between sham-exposed and microwave-exposed cells at either 0 or 24 hours post-exposure. Apoptosis rates were also comparable between sham, continuous-wave, 37°C, and 39°C exposed cells. Three assessment methods including DAPI staining, TUNEL/PI flow cytometry, and caspase-3 fluorimetry gave concordant results.
Unknown authors · 2006
Researchers investigated the effect of acute UHF-EMF exposure on non-enzymatic antioxidant defense and lipid and protein oxidative damage in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus. They used malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl assays to assess lipid and protein oxidative damages, respectively. No changes in lipid and protein damage, and also in non-enzymatic defense were found in frontal cortex or hippocampus. The results suggest that acute UHF-EMF exposure is not able to produce detectable oxidative stress in rats from any age tested.
Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Cai Z, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. · 2006
Pregnant mice were exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily from gestational day 1 to day 19. Fetal brains were examined for albumin extravasation in multiple regions including cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum, midbrain and medulla. No albumin extravasation was found in exposed or control brains, indicating no increase in vascular permeability.
Nasta F et al. · 2006
Calcagnini G et al. · 2006
Malfunctions occurred in 6 of 8 volumetric pumps and 1 of 4 syringe pumps when exposed to phones at maximum output at distances up to 30 cm. The maximum power that did not cause any malfunction at zero distance was 50 mW at 900 MHz and 2.5 mW at 1,800 MHz. The authors noted that moderate-good base station coverage would significantly reduce interference risk in state-of-the-art pumps.
Zhang DY, Xu ZP, Chiang H, Lu DQ, Zeng QL. · 2006
Researchers studied the effects of GSM 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on DNA damage in Chinese hamster lung cells. Cells were intermittently exposed to GSM 1800 MHz RF EMF at a SAR of 3.0 W/kg for either 1 hour or 24 hours, using a pattern of 5 minutes on and 10 minutes off. After 24 hours of exposure, the percentage of gammaH2AX foci positive cells was 37.9 +/- 8.6%, significantly higher than the sham-exposed group at 28.0 +/- 8.4%. The 1-hour exposure showed no significant difference from sham exposure.
Zhang DY, Xu ZP, Chiang H, Lu DQ, Zeng QL. · 2006
Chinese researchers exposed hamster lung cells to cell phone radiation at 1800 MHz (the frequency used by GSM networks) for either 1 or 24 hours to see if it would damage DNA. They found that 24-hour exposure at high intensity (3.0 W/kg) significantly increased DNA damage markers compared to unexposed cells, while 1-hour exposure showed no effect. This suggests that prolonged exposure to cell phone-type radiation may harm cellular DNA.
Zhang DY, Xu ZP, Chiang H, Lu DQ, Zeng QL. · 2006
Researchers exposed hamster lung cells to 1800 MHz radiation from GSM cell phones for 1 or 24 hours. Twenty-four hour exposure significantly increased DNA damage in 37.9% of cells versus 28.0% in unexposed cells, showing duration matters for cellular harm.
Paulraj R, Behari J · 2006
The control group was sham irradiated. The study revealed a statistically significant decrease in PKC activity in the hippocampus compared to the rest of the brain and controls. Electron microscopy showed an increase in glial cell population in the exposed group.
Chauhan V et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human lymphoblastoma TK6 cells to 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated RF fields at SARs of 1 and 10 W/kg. They assessed expression of proto-oncogenes FOS, JUN, and MYC using real-time RT-PCR. They also monitored transcript levels of the heat-shock proteins HSP27 and inducible HSP70. Transcript levels in RF-exposed cells showed no significant difference compared to sham-exposed cells. Positive heat-shock controls showed significant elevation of HSP27, HSP70, FOS, and JUN, and a decline in MYC mRNA.
Lopez-Martin E et al. · 2006
The study investigated effects of mobile-phone-type radiation on cerebral activity of seizure-prone animals. Rats pretreated with subconvulsive picrotoxin and exposed to 2 hours of GSM-modulated 900 MHz radiation suffered seizures and showed markedly increased c-Fos levels in neocortex, paleocortex, hippocampus and thalamus. Non-irradiated picrotoxin-treated rats did not suffer seizures and had significantly lower c-Fos counts. Radiation caused no such differences in rats not pretreated with picrotoxin.
Chauhan V et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed HL-60 and MM6 cells to intermittent 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated RF fields at SARs of 1 and 10 W/kg for 6 hours. No significant changes in gene expression were found between sham-exposed and RF-exposed groups in either cell line. Positive heat-shock controls showed significant increases in HSP27, HSP70, c-fos, and c-jun at both time points.
Heikkinen et al. · 2006
RF radiation did not significantly affect mortality or organ-specific tumor incidence. The only significant difference was an increase in vascular tumors of the mesenteric lymph nodes in the high-RF group, but this was attributed to an unusually low rate in the sham group. Non-neoplastic findings showed isolated significant differences in lacrimal glands, lungs, liver, and skin, considered unrelated to RF radiation. The authors concluded that the results do not support co-carcinogenic effects of low-level long-term RF radiation exposure in rats.
Yu D, Shen Y, Kuster N, Fu Y, Chiang H. · 2006
No significant differences in overall mammary tumor incidence, latency, multiplicity, or size were observed between microwave-exposed and sham-exposed groups. A tendency for reduced adenocarcinoma incidence at 0.44 W/kg and increased incidence at 4.0 W/kg did not reach statistical significance. Cage control rats had higher body weight, higher tumor incidence, and shorter tumor latency than sham- and microwave-exposed groups.
Hondou T et al et al. · 2006
Researchers conducted a numerical investigation using a realistic human body model and an actual elevator size to assess SAR from a mobile phone modeled as a dipole antenna at 16 mm from the head. They used finite-difference time-domain technique with a supercomputer at frequencies of 900, 1500, and 2000 MHz with 250 mW transmitting power. Results showed that peak 10-g SAR depends on passenger and antenna position, with substantial increases in whole-body average SAR and peak 10-g SAR in the elevator over free-space values. However, the maximum values met international RF safety guidelines, with whole-body average SAR at 4.4% and peak spatial-average SAR at 78% of the guideline.
Finnie JW, Cai Z, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. · 2006
Researchers exposed pregnant mice to 900 MHz fields at 4 W/kg for 60 minutes daily from gestation day 1 to 19. Control mice were sham-exposed or freely mobile without restraint. Fetal brains were examined for c-fos expression in multiple regions using immunohistochemistry. No difference in c-fos immunoreactivity was found between exposed and control fetal brains.
Vijayalaxmi · 2006
Researchers exposed peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy volunteers to 2.45 GHz or 8.2 GHz pulsed-wave RF radiation for 2 hours. They measured chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei to assess cytogenetic damage. The RF-exposed lymphocytes showed no significant increase in damage compared to sham-exposed lymphocytes. Gamma-irradiated positive control cells showed significantly more damage than both RF-exposed and sham-exposed cells.
Sukhotina I, Streckert JR, Bitz AK, Hansen VW, Lerchl A · 2006
Researchers exposed isolated pineal glands from Djungarian hamsters to 1800 MHz continuous wave or GSM-modulated signals at SAR levels of 8, 80, 800, and 2700 mW/kg for 7 hours. At 800 mW/kg SAR both signal types significantly enhanced melatonin release, but at 2700 mW/kg SAR continuous wave elevated melatonin while GSM-modulated exposure suppressed it. The authors concluded that the data do not support the melatonin hypothesis that nonthermal radiofrequency exposure suppresses melatonin synthesis.
Faraone et al. · 2006
Hoyto A, Sihvonen AP, Alhonen L, Juutilainen J, Naarala J · 2006
Researchers investigated the effects of low-level radiofrequency radiation and elevated temperature on ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in murine L929 fibroblasts. RF radiation did not affect cellular ODC activity. A slight temperature increase of 0.8-0.9 degrees C in the exposure system led to decreased ODC activity, which was verified by exposing cells to different temperatures in incubators.
Masuda H et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed hairless female rats to GSM-900 or -1800 signals for 2 hours using a loop antenna on the back. The local specific absorption rate at skin level was about 5 W/kg. Skin thickness and cell toxicity did not differ between exposed and sham-exposed rats. Cell proliferation in the epidermis remained within normal range and no proliferation was seen in the dermis. Levels of filaggrin, collagen, and elastin were not significantly affected by the exposure.
Mora R, Crippa B, Mora F, Dellepiane M · 2006
The study measured transient evoked otoacoustic emission and auditory brainstem response in 20 healthy men before and after cell phone exposure. Exposure sessions lasted 15 to 30 minutes at 900 to 1,800 MHz. No significant changes in either measurement were observed throughout the study.
Sanchez S et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed five-week-old female hairless rats to GSM-900 or -1800 signals for 2 hours per day, 5 days a week, for 12 weeks. Skin thickness showed no significant difference between exposed and sham-exposed groups. Cellular proliferation measured by Ki-67 remained within normal range in exposed epidermis. Levels of filaggrin, collagen, and elastin did not differ significantly among groups.
Capri M et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young and elderly donors to radiofrequency radiation at 1,800 MHz and a Specific Absorption Rate of 2 W/kg, with or without mitogenic stimulation. However, RF exposure produced a slight but significant downregulation of CD95 expression in stimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes from elderly donors only.
Trosic I, Busljeta I. · 2006
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at a whole-body SAR of 1.25+/-0.36 W/kg for 2 hours per day, 7 days a week. Bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes increased on days 8 and 15, and peripheral blood polychromatic erythrocytes increased on days 2 and 8. Bone marrow micronucleated PCE frequency increased on day 15, and peripheral blood micronucleated PCEs increased on day 8, but all values declined nearly to control levels by the end of the experiment.
