Unknown authors · 1989
University of Washington researchers exposed rats to pulsed 2.45 GHz microwaves (the same frequency as microwave ovens) and found significant changes to brain chemistry systems involved in memory and learning. The study showed that even low-level microwave exposure altered choline uptake and muscarinic receptors in brain regions critical for cognitive function. These neurochemical changes occurred at power levels well below current safety standards.
Parker JE, Kiel JL, Winters WD · 1988
Researchers exposed four rodent cell lines to 2450 MHz microwave radiation at a Specific Absorption Rate of 103.5 +/- 4.2 W/kg at temperatures of 37, 40, 42, and 45 degrees C. The researchers extracted mRNA from exposed and sham-exposed cells and used DNA probes of oncogenes, heat shock protein, or long terminal repeat sequences to look for differences in mRNA expression. With the cell lines and probes used, no significant differences in mRNA expression were observed after microwave exposure.
D'Andrea JA, DeWitt JR, Portuguez LM, Gandhi OP. · 1988
Two experiments tested whether frequency-specific hotspot formation in the body and tail of rats would have behavioral consequences. Rats were placed in a cage where occupying one side triggered microwave exposure and occupying the other side ended it. Reduced exposure to 360-MHz and 2450-MHz microwaves at 1, 2, 6 and 10 W/kg were significantly different from 700-MHz microwaves. A second experiment found the threshold for reduced exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves fell between whole-body SARs of 2.1 and 2.8 W/kg.
Unknown authors · 1988
Nine men were exposed to 4.1 GHz radio-frequency radiation in an accident. Two men were exposed to 4.6 mW/cm2 for up to 90 minutes, exceeding the Australian standard of 1 mW/cm2, while seven others received lower exposures. Comprehensive medical examinations, including follow-up ophthalmological exams over nine months, were performed on all staff. Various abnormalities were found in all staff, but there was no consistent gradient of effect between exposure groups except possibly for hair loss. The investigators concluded that the exposure had not resulted in harmful effects.
Unknown authors · 1987
Purified plasmid DNA was exposed to microwave radiation at nonthermal levels in the frequency range from 2.00 to 8.75 GHz. The exposure produced single- and double-strand breaks detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Microwave-induced DNA damage depended on the presence of small amounts of copper. The effect was dependent on both microwave power and exposure duration. Cuprous ions, but not cupric ions, mimicked the microwave effects on DNA.
Michael Kachmar · 1986
Unknown authors · 1986
The EPA proposed four alternative approaches to limit public exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Three options are regulatory and would set whole-body average SAR limits of 0.04, 0.08, and 0.4 W/kg for frequencies above 3 MHz. For frequencies below 3 MHz, the regulatory options would limit electric field intensity to 87, 275, and 614 V/m and magnetic field intensity to 0.23, 0.73, and -1.63 A/m respectively. The fourth option is nonregulatory and would use information and technical assistance programs instead of adopting Federal Guidance.
Unknown authors · 1985
Thomas C. Rozzell · 1984
The article reports that West Germany published its first official human-exposure guidelines for electromagnetic fields, applicable to both workers and the general public. The German standard covers frequencies from 0.01 MHz to 3900 GHz, which is wider than the ANSI standard’s 0.1 MHz to 100 GHz range.
Przemyslaw Czerski, Mays L. Swicord · 1984
Eric J. Lerner · 1984
B.M. Savin et al. · 1983
Unknown authors · 1982
Unknown authors · 1982
Sol M. Michaelson · 1982
The review evaluates the World Health Organization's Environmental Health Criteria 16 document on radiofrequency and microwave fields from 100 kHz to 300 GHz. The reviewer finds the publication unbalanced because it accepts nonthermal interaction literature with cursory critique while neglecting refuting evidence. The review notes that the document's designations of high, medium, and low power densities are ambiguous and ignore the frequency dependence of bioeffects. It points out specific errors in Table 10 frequency designations and an incomplete discussion of chronic cataract studies that omitted rabbit and monkey data showing no ocular damage. The reviewer concludes the document does not meet the high scientific caliber and accuracy of usual WHO publications.
Unknown authors · 1982
The study induced posterior subcapsular cataracts in rabbit eyes using 2.45 GHz continuous wave radiation. Successive stages of cataract development were documented with color stereophotographs taken using a Donaldson stereo-ophthalmic camera with electronic flash illumination and two and one half times initial magnification on film. The photographs were viewed in a Donaldson special viewing apparatus that allowed consecutive stages to be seen by turning a circular knob. The viewed eye appeared as if seen in the living animal through a magnifying lens.
Howard I. Bassen · 1980
Howard Bassen · 1980
This 1980 FDA research by H. Bassen examined radio-frequency and microwave radiation exposure measurement and safety standards. The study focused on how these electromagnetic fields are absorbed by human tissue and established methods for assessing exposure levels. This represents early foundational work in understanding RF/microwave radiation effects on human health.
Angelo Vassallo · 1980
Paul S. Ruggera · 1980
Unknown authors · 1980
The instrument measures fields from 0.5 MHz to 1000 MHz and from 1 v/m to 3160 v/m in six ranges. Its isotropicity is specified as +1 dB over the full rotation of the probe head. The standard battery pack provides approximately 40 hours of continuous operation.
Unknown authors · 1980
This 1980 technical report documented the HI-3001 isotropic broadband survey meter, a device designed to measure electromagnetic fields across multiple frequencies from all directions simultaneously. The meter represented early efforts to create comprehensive RF measurement tools for assessing environmental electromagnetic exposures. This type of instrumentation became foundational for modern EMF exposure assessment and safety monitoring.
Unknown authors · 1980
This 1980 technical report documents the HI-3001 isotropic broadband survey meter, an instrument designed to measure electromagnetic fields across multiple frequencies and directions simultaneously. The device represents early efforts to create comprehensive EMF measurement tools that could detect radiation from various sources in real-world environments. Such instrumentation became essential for understanding human exposure levels to electromagnetic fields.
Leonard David · 1980
The study outlines the historical background of U.S. microwave exposure guidelines and identifies the lead federal agencies. No federal standards exist to protect workers or the public, only a voluntary 10 mW/cm² guideline from 1966. Regulatory trends point toward more stringent occupational and public exposure limits, possibly as low as 1 mW/cm². The SPS system would deliver 23 mW/cm² at the rectenna center, 1 mW/cm² or less at the edge, and 0.1 mW/cm² at the buffer zone boundary. Current data show no morbid effects from 2,450-MHz radiation below 1 mW/cm², but long-term exposure studies are lacking.
Unknown authors · 1980
