Research on EMF from devices you carry or wear daily - phones, earbuds, smartwatches, and laptops.
Sun LX, Yao K, He JL, Lu DQ, Wang KJ, Li HW. · 2006
Researchers exposed human eye lens cells to cell phone radiation for 2 hours at different power levels. Lower levels caused repairable DNA damage, but higher power (4 W/kg) caused permanent breaks cells couldn't fix, suggesting a threshold where radiation overwhelms natural repair.
Sun LX, Yao K, He JL, Lu DQ, Wang KJ, Li HW. · 2006
Researchers exposed human eye lens cells to cell phone radiation for 2 hours at different power levels to see if it damages DNA. They found that lower exposure levels (up to 3 W/kg) caused temporary DNA breaks that the cells could repair, but higher exposure (4 W/kg) caused permanent DNA damage that cells couldn't fix.
Sun LX, Yao K, Jiang H, He JL, Lu DQ, Wang KJ, Li HW · 2006
Researchers exposed human eye lens cells to cell phone radiation at different power levels for 2 hours to see if it damaged DNA. They found that lower exposure levels (similar to typical phone use) caused no DNA damage, but higher levels (4 times normal) did cause measurable DNA breaks and reduced cell growth. This suggests there may be a threshold below which cells can repair radiation damage effectively.
Sun LX, Yao K, He JL, Lu DQ, Wang KJ, Li HW · 2006
Chinese researchers exposed human eye lens cells to mobile phone radiation (1.8 GHz) at different power levels for 2 hours to see if it damaged DNA. They found that lower exposure levels (1-3 W/kg SAR) caused either no DNA damage or damage that the cells could repair within an hour, but the highest level (4 W/kg SAR) caused permanent DNA damage that cells couldn't fix.
Vanderwaal RP, Cha B, Moros EG, Roti Roti JL. · 2006
Scientists tested whether cell phone radiation triggers the same cellular stress response as heat in laboratory cells. While heat clearly activated stress proteins, cell phone signals at levels 5-10 times higher than normal phone use caused no detectable stress response, suggesting different biological effects.
Zhao R, Zhang SZ, Yao GD, Lu DQ, Jiang H, Xu ZP · 2006
Researchers exposed newborn rat brain cells to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to cell phone frequencies) at 2 watts per kilogram for 24 hours and found that 34 out of 1,200 genes changed their expression levels. Most notably, a gene called MAP2, which helps maintain the structural framework of brain cells, became significantly more active after radiation exposure.
Wang LL, Chen GD, Lu DQ, Chiang H, Xu ZP. · 2006
Researchers exposed breast cancer cells (MCF-7) to cell phone radiation at 1800 MHz for 24 hours to see if it would change gene activity. They found essentially no meaningful changes in gene expression, even when using exposure levels higher than typical cell phone use. The study suggests that this type of radiation may not significantly alter how genes function in these particular cells.
Shen YH, Yu D, Fu YT, Chiang H. · 2006
Chinese researchers exposed 500 female rats to cell phone radiation (900 MHz GSM signals) for 4 hours daily over 26 weeks after giving them a chemical known to cause breast tumors. They tested different radiation levels, including some well above typical phone exposure. The study found no difference in breast cancer rates between exposed and unexposed rats - about one-third developed tumors regardless of radiation exposure.
Lixia S et al. · 2006
Scientists exposed human eye lens cells to cell phone radiation at different power levels for 2 hours. At the highest level (3 W/kg), cells showed temporary DNA breaks and increased protective proteins, suggesting cellular defense mechanisms activate when exposed to wireless radiation.
Lixia S et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human eye lens cells to cell phone radiation at different power levels for 2 hours. Higher exposures caused temporary DNA damage and triggered cellular stress responses, suggesting that phone radiation can affect eye cells even without heating tissue.
Aksen F, Akdag MZ, Ketani A, Yokus B, Kaya A, Dasdag S. · 2006
Scientists exposed female rats to 50-Hz magnetic fields (household electrical frequency) for 50-100 days. The study found significant cellular damage in ovaries and uterus, including broken cell structures and increased oxidative stress. This suggests prolonged exposure to common electrical frequencies may harm female reproductive organs.
Jelenković A et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed rats to magnetic fields from power lines for seven days and found increased brain damage from harmful free radicals. The damage was worst in brain areas controlling memory and decision-making, suggesting these common electromagnetic fields may harm brain cells.
Reale M et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human immune cells called monocytes to 50 Hz magnetic fields (the same frequency as power lines) at 1 milliTesla overnight. They found the fields altered production of two important immune signaling molecules: reducing nitric oxide synthase (which helps fight infections) while increasing MCP-1 (which attracts immune cells to sites of inflammation). These changes suggest power-frequency magnetic fields can disrupt normal immune system function.
Bachmann M et al. · 2006
Estonian researchers exposed healthy volunteers to cell phone-like microwave radiation and measured brain wave activity. They found statistically significant changes in brain electrical patterns in 12% to 30% of subjects, demonstrating that microwave radiation below current safety limits can measurably alter normal brain function.
Pavicic I, Trosic I, Sarolic A · 2006
Croatian researchers exposed lab cells to microwave frequencies from older cell phones (864 MHz and 935 MHz) at low power levels. Both frequencies significantly altered cell growth patterns after exposure, with one slowing growth and the other accelerating it, suggesting cellular disruption below current safety limits.
Bediz CS, Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Oztekin E. · 2006
Researchers exposed rats to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields (power line frequency) for six months and found increased brain damage from oxidative stress. When rats received zinc supplements, brain damage was significantly reduced, suggesting zinc may protect against EMF-induced cellular harm.
Calota V, Dragoiu S, Meghea A, Giurginca M · 2006
Researchers exposed human blood serum to 50 Hz electric fields (the same frequency as household electrical systems) for 1-2 hours and measured changes in free radical activity. They found that exposure reduced free radical concentrations in the blood compared to unexposed samples. This suggests that extremely low frequency electric fields can alter the body's oxidative processes at the cellular level.
Jeong JH, Kum C, Choi HJ, Park ES, Sohn UD. · 2006
Researchers exposed mice to 60 Hz magnetic fields from household electricity and found it increased their pain sensitivity. The magnetic fields triggered nitric oxide production in the brain and spinal cord, lowering pain thresholds. This suggests common electrical frequencies may directly affect pain processing.
Papageorgiou CC et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed 19 healthy adults to 900 MHz mobile phone radiation while measuring their brain activity during a working memory test. The radiation significantly altered brain wave patterns called P50 components, which reflect how the brain processes information before conscious awareness. These changes suggest that mobile phone emissions can affect fundamental brain processing, even during brief exposures.
Vian A et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed tomato plants to 900 MHz microwave radiation (similar to cell phone frequencies) for just 5-15 minutes and found it triggered a strong stress response at the genetic level. The plants produced 3.5 times more stress-related proteins, showing their cells recognized the radiation as harmful. This demonstrates that even brief, low-level microwave exposure can cause biological effects in living organisms.
Lantow M, Schuderer J, Hartwig C, Simko M. · 2006
Researchers exposed human immune cells to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used by GSM cell phones) at various power levels to see if it would trigger free radical production or stress protein responses. They found no significant effects on either measure, even at exposure levels up to 2.0 W/kg. This suggests that RF radiation at these levels doesn't cause oxidative stress in these particular immune cell types.
Verschaeve L et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed female rats to cell phone radiation (900 MHz) for 2 years while also giving them a known cancer-causing chemical in their drinking water to see if the radiation would make DNA damage worse. They found that the radiation alone didn't cause genetic damage, and it didn't increase the DNA damage caused by the chemical. This suggests that long-term exposure to cell phone-level radiation may not enhance the harmful effects of other toxins on our genetic material.
Qutob SS et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human brain cancer cells (glioblastoma) to 1.9 GHz radiofrequency radiation for 4 hours at power levels ranging from very low to quite high (0.1 to 10 W/kg SAR). They found no changes in gene expression at any exposure level, while heat treatment successfully triggered expected cellular stress responses. This suggests that RF fields at these levels don't alter how genes function in these particular brain cells.
Remondini D et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed six different types of human cells to mobile phone frequencies (900 and 1800 MHz) and analyzed whether the radiation changed gene activity patterns. Three cell types showed no changes, while three others had small numbers of genes (12-34) that became more or less active, particularly genes involved in protein production. The changes didn't indicate cellular stress or damage responses.
Scarfi MR et al. · 2006
Researchers exposed human blood cells to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation (the same frequency used by GSM cell phones) for 24 hours at various power levels to see if it caused DNA damage or affected cell growth. The study found no evidence of genetic damage or harmful effects on the cells, even at exposure levels up to 10 watts per kilogram. Two independent laboratories confirmed these results using cells from 10 different healthy volunteers.