Tong J, Chen S, Liu XM, Hao DM · 2013
Researchers recorded hippocampal CA1 neuron activity in rats exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic radiation at 10 W/m2 using glass electrode extracellular recording and a polygraph. Discharge frequency of hippocampal CA1 neurons was reduced after exposure, though the change in scale was not obvious. Electromagnetic radiation might change the spontaneous discharge patterns of hippocampus CA1 region neurons, making the explosive discharge pattern increase obviously. The researchers suggested that these changes may lead to a decrease in the ability of learning and memory.
Tong J, Chen S, Liu XM, Hao DM. · 2013
Chinese researchers exposed rats to 900 MHz cell phone radiation and measured brain activity in the hippocampus, which controls learning and memory. The radiation disrupted normal neuron firing patterns and increased abnormal brain cell activity, potentially impairing cognitive function.
Gurbuz N, Sirav B, Colbay M, Yetkin I, Seyhan N. · 2013
Researchers exposed male Wistar albino rats to 1800 MHz or 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation for 30 min per day, 6 days per week, for either a month or two months. They measured micronucleus frequency in exfoliated bladder cells as an indicator of genotoxic damage. No significant differences in micronucleus frequency were found between any exposed group and its corresponding control group, nor between the two 2100 MHz exposure durations.
Behari J, Nirala JP. · 2013
A SAR measurement system was developed for a brain phantom in a Perspex box. The phantom box volume matched a small rat and was illuminated by a 3G mobile phone at 1718.5 MHz. A moving platform changed the phone's angular position at 2 degrees per minute up to 20 degrees while induced fields were measured. SAR values computed from induced fields were higher than those from induced field measurements alone and varied with angular position, but remained well below human safety criteria. SAR was also measured by temperature rise and compared with the induced-field results, and measurements were repeated in a 10 g phantom in a cubical box for safety criteria comparison.
Gao X, Luo R, Ma B, Wang H, Liu T, Zhang J, Lian Z, Cui X. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900MHz cell phone radiation for three hours daily throughout pregnancy and found significant brain damage in both mothers and offspring, including swollen brain cells and reduced antioxidant defenses. However, when rats were given vitamin E supplements during pregnancy, the protective antioxidant largely prevented this brain damage. This suggests that EMF exposure during pregnancy can harm developing brains, but certain nutrients may offer protection.
Yang L, Hao D, Wu S, Zhong R, Zeng Y. · 2013
The study numerically evaluated specific absorption rate and temperature rise in SD rat heads exposed to 900 MHz EMF. The digital anatomical model of a SD rat was reconstructed from MRI images and the finite difference time domain method was applied to assess SAR and temperature rise. Whole-body average SAR and localized SAR averaged over 1, 0.5 and 0.05 g mass for different organs and tissues were reported.
Banaceur S, Banasr S, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H · 2013
Researchers studied the effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency signals on wildtype mice and triple transgenic mice bred to develop Alzheimer's-like cognitive impairment. Mice were exposed two hours per day during one month at a Specific Absorption Rate of 1.60 W/kg. The researchers reported that radiofrequency exposure improved cognitive behavior in the 3xTg-AD mice.
Baş O et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on days 13 through 21 of pregnancy, then examined the brains of their female pups on postnatal day 32. Exposure during those prenatal days led to a significant decrease in the number of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis of the female rat pups (P<0.05). Histopathological examination also revealed picnotic cells in the cornu ammonis of the exposed female rat pups.
Deshmukh PS et al. · 2013
Haghani M, Shabani M, Moazzami K · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant Wistar rats to 900-MHz pulse-EMF irradiation for 6 hours per day throughout gestation, then evaluated ten offspring per group. Behavioral tests did not reveal any abnormalities in the exposed offspring. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings revealed decreased neuronal excitability of Purkinje cells, with changes in afterhyperpolarization amplitude, spike frequency, half width, and first spike latency.
Odacı E et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields for one hour daily between days 13 and 21 of pregnancy, then assessed the female pups' spinal cord tissue and motor behavior. The rotarod test showed a significant increase in motor functions in the EMF group pups (p=0.037), while the open field test found no difference between groups. Pathological changes were observed in the spinal cords of the EMF group pups, and the researchers suggested these changes may have led to the increase in motor activity.
Hancı H et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900-MHz EMF during days 13–21 of pregnancy and examined the testicles of their offspring at postnatal day 21. The offspring of exposed mothers showed irregularities in seminiferous tubule basal membrane and epithelium, immature germ cells in the lumen, and a decreased diameter in seminiferous tubules and thickness of epithelium. Apoptotic index, lipid peroxidation, and DNA oxidation were higher in the offspring of exposed mothers than in controls.
Liu C, Duan W, Xu S, Chen C, He M, Zhang L, Yu Z, Zhou Z. · 2013
Researchers exposed a mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-2 cell line to 1800 MHz GSM signals for 24 hours using an intermittent schedule of 5 minutes on and 10 minutes off, at SAR levels of 1 W/kg, 2 W/kg, or 4 W/kg. At a SAR of 4 W/kg, DNA migration in a modified comet assay was significantly increased, and levels of the DNA adduct 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) were also increased. No detectable DNA strand breakage was observed by the alkaline comet assay. The increases in DNA damage were accompanied by increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), and these effects were mitigated by co-treatment with the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol.
Deshmukh PS et al. · 2013
Scientists exposed rats to cell phone-level microwave radiation (900 MHz) for 30 days at extremely low power levels. They discovered DNA damage in brain tissue even at exposures thousands of times weaker than current safety limits, suggesting cellular harm may occur below regulatory thresholds.
Ayinmode BO, Farai IP. · 2013
Researchers studied how radiofrequency radiation power density varied with distance around mobile phone base stations at ten randomly selected locations in Ibadan, western Nigeria. Measurements were made with a calibrated hand-held spectrum analyser. The result of this study demonstrates that exposure of people to RF radiation from phone base stations in Ibadan city is far less than the recommended limits by international scientific bodies.
Banaceur S, Banasr S, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. · 2013
Researchers exposed mice with Alzheimer's-like symptoms to WiFi signals (2.4 GHz) for two hours daily over a month at levels similar to cell phone exposure. Surprisingly, the WiFi exposure actually improved cognitive performance and memory in the Alzheimer's mice compared to unexposed mice. This unexpected finding suggests radiofrequency radiation might have therapeutic potential for certain brain conditions, though the mechanism remains unclear.
Beekhuizen J, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H, Bürgi A, Huss A. · 2013
Researchers modelled radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) across Amsterdam using a three-dimensional model called NISMap, then compared the results to actual measurements taken in areas with different built-up characteristics. The modelled values agreed well with measurements, with Spearman correlations of 0.86 for GSM900 and 0.85 for UMTS. The researchers concluded that NISMap provides a reliable way of assessing environmental RF-EMF exposure for epidemiological studies in urban areas.
Bilgici B, Akar A, Avci B, Tuncel OK. · 2013
Researchers exposed rats to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field at a whole body average specific absorption rate of 1.08 W/kg for 1 h/day for 3 weeks. Malondialdehyde and advanced oxidation protein product levels increased in rat brain tissue after exposure, suggesting increased lipid and protein oxidation. Garlic reduced the brain oxidative stress markers, though it did not affect the increase in serum nitric oxide levels. Nitric oxide levels in the brain showed no significant difference after exposure, but serum nitric oxide increased significantly.
İkinci A et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900 MHz EMF for one hour daily from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy. The study used 3 pregnant rats per group and yielded 13 control and 10 EMF female pups for testing.
Lustenberger C et al. · 2013
Sixteen male subjects completed two experimental nights, one with all-night pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure at 0.25–0.8 Hz. Sleep efficiency exceeded 90 percent in both conditions. Slow-wave activity increased during pulsed exposure compared to sham toward the end of the sleep period. Spindle activity did not change. Motor sequence task improvement was reduced by 20.1 percent during exposure versus sham.
Mohammed HS, Fahmy HM, Radwah NM, Elsayed AA · 2013
Researchers investigated the effect of chronic low-level non-thermal electromagnetic radiation on sleep EEG in rats. They used two types of radiation fields: 900 MHz unmodulated and 900 MHz modulated at 8 and 16 Hz, with exposure for one month at one hour per day. EEG power spectral analyses revealed that REM sleep was more susceptible to modulated radiofrequency radiation than slow wave sleep. The latency of REM sleep increased due to radiation exposure, indicating a change in the ultradian rhythm of normal sleep cycles. The authors concluded that exposure to electromagnetic radiation in awake animals can alter subsequent sleep structure and suggested cumulative irreversible effects.
Maaroufi K et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed Long-Evans rats to 900 MHz EMF alone or combined with iron overload and tested them in spatial learning tasks including the Morris water maze, radial-arm maze, and object exploration. EMF-exposed rats were impaired in the object exploration task but not in the navigation or working memory tasks. Combined EMF and iron overload did not produce greater behavioral or neurochemical deficits than EMF alone, and neither treatment caused global oxidative stress.
Bodera P et al. · 2013
Some rats had persistent inflammation induced by CFA injection 24 hours before exposure. Rats received tramadol at 20 mg/kg or vehicle before exposure. Single EMF exposure significantly reduced antioxidant capacity in both healthy and inflamed rats. A synergistic effect between EMF and tramadol was observed in CFA-treated rats.
Ghanbari M1, Mortazavi SB1, Khavanin A1, Khazaei M2. · 2013
Sperm viability, motility, and total antioxidant capacity decreased significantly in all exposure groups compared to controls. Increasing exposure duration from two to three weeks caused a further significant decrease in sperm viability and motility.
Ersan Odacı et al. · 2013
Researchers exposed pregnant rats to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation (similar to cell phone frequencies) for one hour daily during late pregnancy, then examined the spinal cord development and motor behavior of their female offspring. The exposed rat pups showed pathological changes in their spinal cord tissue and unexpectedly increased motor activity on behavioral tests. This suggests that prenatal EMF exposure can alter nervous system development in ways that persist after birth.
