Aweda MA, Gbenebitse S, Meidinyo RO · 2003
Researchers studied the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave exposure on the lipid peroxidation status of 120 Wistar rats at a power density of 6 mWcm(-2). Lipid peroxidation status in the rats was monitored for 8 weeks after irradiation using the thiobarbituric acid method. Microwave exposure raised the lipid peroxidation status from a mean control value of 4.18 x 10(-6)g 1(-1) to a maximum of 6.50 x 10(-6) g 1(-1) within the first 24 hours, after which it gradually returned toward the control value. The results demonstrated that microwave exposures cause a significant increase in lipid peroxidation status and that ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol had protective effects.
Aweda MA, Gbenebitse S, Meidinyo RO. · 2003
Researchers exposed rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (WiFi frequency) and found it increased cellular damage by 56% within 24 hours. Vitamins C and E provided significant protection when given beforehand, suggesting antioxidants may help reduce microwave-induced oxidative stress in living tissue.
Aweda MA, Gbenebitse S, Meidinyo RO · 2003
Researchers exposed 120 rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (the same frequency as microwave ovens) and found it significantly increased harmful oxidative stress in their bodies. However, giving the rats antioxidants like vitamin C and vitamin E before exposure provided substantial protection against this cellular damage.
Zhang MB, Jin LF, He JL, Hu J, Zheng W. · 2003
The study aimed to investigate the combined DNA-damaging effects of low-intensity 2,450 MHz microwave radiation with three chemical mutagens on human lymphocyte DNA. Microwave exposure alone did not significantly increase comet tail length compared with controls at 0 h or 21 h incubation. When lymphocytes were incubated with 30.00 micro mol/L or 3.00 micro mol/L MMC, microwave exposure significantly increased comet tail lengths compared with MMC alone. Combinations of microwave with BLM or MMS did not produce significantly greater DNA damage than BLM or MMS alone.
Zhang MB, He JL, Jin LF, Lu DQ. · 2002
Researchers studied whether 2450-MHz microwave radiation interacts with the chemical mitomycin C (MMC) to produce genotoxic effects in human lymphocytes in vitro. Blood cells from a male donor and a female donor were exposed to 2450-MHz microwaves at 5.0 mW/cm2 for 2 h, to MMC alone for 24 h, or to MMC for 24 h following microwave exposure. Microwave exposure alone did not significantly increase comet lengths compared with controls, but combined microwave plus MMC exposure produced significantly longer comet lengths than MMC alone at doses of 0.025 microgram/mL or higher.
Paulraj R, Behari J · 2002
Researchers exposed 35-day-old Wistar rats to low-level continuous 2.45 GHz microwaves for 2 hr/day over 35 days at a power density of 0.34 mW/cm2 with a specific absorption rate of 0.1 W/kg. Exposed rats showed a significant increase in calcium ion efflux and ornithine decarboxylase activity and a significant decrease in calcium-dependent protein kinase activity in brain tissue. The authors suggested that the radiation affects membrane-bound enzymes linked to cell proliferation and differentiation, indicating a possible tumor-promoting role.
Testylier G, Tonduli L, Malabiau R, Debouzy JC · 2002
Rats were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave at 2 or 4 mW/cm(2) for 1 h during the day, or to 800 MHz modulated at 32 Hz at 200 mW/cm(2) for 1 or 14 h during the night. Exposure at 4 mW/cm(2) caused a significant 40% decrease in mean acetylcholine release from hippocampus, maximal at 5 h post exposure. Fourteen-hour nighttime exposure at 800 MHz induced a significant 43% decrease in acetylcholine release during 11 p.m.-4 a.m. compared to control rats.
Hanada E, Hoshino Y, Oyama H, Watanabe Y, Nose Y. · 2002
Researchers tested the effect of wireless LAN communication on medical electronic equipment and the effect of electronic equipment on wireless LAN communication. They observed nine pieces of electronic equipment in operating mode while transmitting radio waves from a wireless LAN. No equipment malfunction occurred even with the access point very close to the equipment surface during data transmission. Medical equipment caused little change in wireless communication effectiveness, but electric knives and a remote patient monitor reduced the reception rate to about 60%. Wireless LAN speed was temporarily reduced only when a microwave oven was close to and facing the access point.
Pologea-Moraru R, Kovacs E, Iliescu KR, Calota V, Sajin G · 2002
Researchers studied the effects of low-power microwaves at 2.45 GHz on the membrane fluidity of rod photoreceptor cells. The researchers expected the retina to be very sensitive to microwave irradiation due to the polar character of photoreceptor cells and high water content.
Miyakoshi, J., Yoshida, M., Tarusawa, Y., et al. · 2002
Liu X, Shen H, Shi Y, Chen J, Chen Y, Ji A. · 2002
Trosic I, Busljeta I, Kasuba V, Rozgaj R. · 2002
Researchers exposed adult male Wistar rats to continuous 2450 MHz radiofrequency microwave radiation for 2 hours a day, 7 days a week, for up to 30 days, at a power density of 5–10 mW/cm2. Peripheral blood smears were examined for micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes as an indicator of genotoxicity. Micronuclei per 1000 PCEs were significantly increased after eight irradiation treatments compared with sham-exposed controls. The researchers noted that an adaptive mechanism in both erythrocytopoiesis and genotoxicity likely appeared during the subchronic irradiation treatment.
Peyman A, Rezazadeh AA, Gabriel C · 2001
Researchers measured dielectric properties of ten rat tissues at six ages from 130 MHz to 10 GHz. Results showed a general decrease in dielectric properties with age. The decrease was more apparent in brain, skull, and skin tissues than in abdominal tissues. The variation was attributed to changes in water content and organic composition.
Boscol P et al. · 2001
The study investigated the immune systems of 19 women with a mean age of 35 years who had been exposed to electromagnetic fields from radiotelevision broadcasting stations in their residential area for at least 2 years, with a mean exposure duration of 13 years. The exposed group had mean field levels of 4.3 plus or minus 1.4 V/m in the range 500 KHz to 3 GHz, while the control group had nearby residential exposure of less than 1.8 V/m. The exposed women showed statistically significant reductions in several immune cell types and lower in vitro production of IL-2 and interferon-gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The researchers concluded that high frequency electromagnetic fields reduce cytotoxic activity in the peripheral blood of women without a dose-response effect.
Sebastian JL, Munoz S, Sancho M, Miranda JM · 2001
Researchers calculated electric field intensity using the finite element method in single- and multilayer spherical, cylindrical, and ellipsoidal mammalian cell models exposed to 900 and 2450 MHz plane waves. They analyzed how cell geometry and orientation relative to the external field influence the electric field induced in the membrane and cytoplasm. The study found that cytoplasmic and extracellular bound water layers play a significant role in determining electric field intensity for cylindrical and ellipsoidal models.
Vijayalaxmi et al. · 2001
Eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2450 MHz RFR in circularly polarized waveguides, and eight sham-exposed rats were kept in similar waveguides without RFR transmission. Four rats treated with mitomycin-C served as positive controls, and all rats were necropsied 24h after exposure to examine peripheral blood and bone marrow smears for micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes. The incidence of micronuclei per 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes was not significantly different between RFR-exposed and sham-exposed rats.
Jauchem JR, Frei MR, Dusch SJ, Lehnert HM, Kovatch RM · 2001
Researchers exposed 100 C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses for 2 minutes once a week for 12 weeks, using 100 sham-control mice for comparison. There were no significant differences between groups in incidence of palpated mammary tumors, latency to tumor onset, rate of tumor growth, or animal survival. Histopathological evaluations also revealed no significant differences between the two groups in numbers of neoplasms across all tissues studied.
Hanada E, Kodama K, Takano K, Watanabe Y, Nose Y. · 2001
Researchers measured electric field intensity from radio waves entering an 11-floor hospital that was under construction. The highest level recorded was about 200 V/m at 2.79 GHz, coming from airport surveillance radar. The maximum intensity from cellular phone base stations was 1.78 V/m. The researchers concluded that each hospital in urban areas should measure its own electromagnetic environment to help prevent interference with electronic medical equipment.
Trosic I. · 2001
Researchers exposed rats to microwave radiation at 2450 MHz (the same frequency used in microwave ovens and some WiFi devices) and examined lung cells. They found that exposure caused immune cells in the lungs to fuse together into abnormal giant cells with multiple nuclei - a sign of chronic lung inflammation. The effect became stronger with more radiation treatments, suggesting cumulative damage to the respiratory system.
Novoselova EG, Ogai VB, Sorokina OV, Novikov VV, Fesenko EE · 2001
Researchers studied the effect of fractionated low-intensity microwave exposure and a combined weak magnetic field on tumor necrosis factor production in macrophages of mice with experimental solid tumors. Exposure to both microwaves and magnetic field enhanced the adaptive response, with higher tumor necrosis factor production in peritoneal macrophages of exposed tumor-bearing mice compared to unexposed mice.
Palfia Z, Somosy Z, Rez G · 2001
Researchers evaluated murine jejunal epithelial tight junctions after whole-body X-ray and microwave exposure using freeze fracture replicas. X-ray treatment at 4 Gy caused partial dearrangement of the ZO strand network that only partially regenerated by 24 hours. Microwave treatment at 16 Hz-modulated 2.45 GHz and 1 mW/cm2 for 1 hour did not cause dearrangement but increased integration of the tight junctional structure. The microwave effect agreed with an increase in cytochemically detectable ZO-bound calcium.
Radicheva N, Mileva K, Georgieva B, Kristev I · 2001
Researchers exposed isolated frog muscle fibers to continuous 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at 20 mW/cm² for one hour. Repetitive stimulation at 200 ms intervals evoked intracellular action potentials and twitch contractions. The twitch amplitude curve showed a drastic fall in the first 5 seconds followed by an increase and then a decrease. After microwave exposure, the changes in amplitude and time parameters that characterize fatigue were attenuated and delayed compared to controls. The authors concluded that microwaves have a specific non-thermal influence causing some resistance to fatigue.
Yang R, Chen J, Deng Z, Liu X, · 2001
Researchers cultured pig retinal ganglion cells in vitro, added vitamin E at different concentrations, and exposed them to 2450 MHz microwave radiation at 30 mW/cm² for 1 hour. Microwave exposure caused cell congregation, axon disappearance, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum swelling, and apoptosis. Vitamin E groups showed no obvious changes under optical microscope, though electron microscopy revealed light mitochondria swelling with intact cristae. The researchers concluded that microwave induced morphological damage and vitamin E reduced this damage to some extent.
Unknown authors · 2001
Researchers evaluated leukemia mortality among adults and childhood leukemia incidence in a 10 km area around the Vatican Radio Station in Rome. The station transmitted up to 600 kW and electric field measurements near it ranged from 1.5 to 25 V/m. Childhood leukemia incidence was higher than expected within 6 km (SIR = 217; 95% CI 99-405), and Stone's test showed a significant decrease in risk with distance for male adult mortality (p = 0.03) and childhood incidence (p = 0.04).
Alhekail ZO. · 2001
Researchers surveyed microwave ovens used in households and restaurants in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. One oven leaked more than the 5 mW cm-2 limit, and fifteen others leaked 1 mW cm-2 or more, with the rest leaking less. The researchers concluded that a detrimental effect on health is an unlikely result of exposure to radiation from microwave ovens.
